chemsitry Flashcards
what does the functional group do in a compound
it is responsible for each compound individuality and the reactivity of the compound
what is unsaturated or saturated molecules
the saturated molecules mean each bonds are attach a atom. however unsaturated mean some bonds are not attached to other atoms(alkenes).
how do the molecules have a greater melting point/boiling point
as the carbon chain gets longer the intermolecular attractive force in between the molecules increase. this is why more heat is required and the melting and the boiling point increases.
what is the polarity of the substance
the polarity is the mixability of two molecules/compounds.
the trend of solubility with the length of the compound/ molecules
as the carbon chain lengthen/gets longer, the solubility usually decrease.
addition reactions
an addition of atom into a compound(alkenes…)
structural isomer
molecules with different arrangement of atom but have the same molecular formula.
geometric isomer
have a double bond with same numbers of atom on the each side of the bond. there is no rotation in the bond therefore is a fixed position of the atom in the bond
reagent required (alkene + hydrogen ->alkane)
the reagent in this reaction is catalyst (possible catalyst nickel platinum)
reagent required for alkene + halogen —> haloalkane
no reagent
reagent required for alkene + hydrogen halide —-> haloalkane + h20
there is no reagent
reagent
alkene –> alcohol
the reagent is h20/H+ (or diluted acid,heat)
substitution reaction
where the atom in the compound is substituted with another atom or group
the reagent for
alkane —-> haloalkane
it requries halogen and some kind of heat (possibly UV light)
the reagent for
haloalkane —> alcohol
needs KOH(aq) and heat
the reagent for
alcohol —-> haloalkane
PCl5 PCL3 SOCL2
the reagent for
haloalkane —-> amine
NH3(alc)
elimination reaction
where a reaction removes a atom or a group to form an alkenes
reagent for
haloalkane —> alkene
KOH(alc), heat
reagent for
alcohol —-> alkene
H2SO4(conc), heat
oxidation reaction
the removal of hydrogen or the addition of oxygen atom
reagent for
alcohol —> -diol
MnO4- (aq)
reagent for
alcohol—-> carboxllyic acid
H+/MnO4- (aq), heat,or H+/CrO7-
markovnikov rule (rich gets richer)
condition it must be a asymmetrical isomer . the rule states that carbon rich in hydgron gains h and the other gains the halogen from hydrogen halide. this is the major product. the minor is the opposite
polymerisation
involve alkene linking with other alkene
monomer
is a simple molecule unit that link other molecules
bromine test
this reaction is to test if the compound has a double bond. double bond compound will rapidly have an reaction compared a C-C bond (possible reagent Br2 and UV light)
blue litmus paper
turn reds when solution is acidic
stays blue when the solution is basic
red litmus
stays reds when solution is acidic
turns blue when the solution is basic
why is carboxylic acid acidic?
- ethanoic acid are polar therefore soluble with water.
- water molecule oxygen atom is attracted to the acid h atom in the compound.
- the water gains the H atom from the compound to be hydronium which is postive leaving the compound negative.
when is the acid acidic
acid is a donor of protons
when is base basic
base is the acceptor of protons
carboxylic acid weak?
this is because only a few ethanoic acid molecules will dissociated into ch3coo- and H+
carboxylic with carbonate
produces mineral acid, carbon dioxide and H20
carboxylic acid with metal
metal salt + hydrogen gas
alkene/monomer —-> unit for polymer
the reagents are heat and catalyst.
symmertical isomer
have a bond in the centre of the compound and the same groups of atom on each side
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