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chemphys Flashcards

1
Q

Are fluid compressible?

A

Minimal to None

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2
Q

Gases and fluid maybe compressible and change volume with change in ?

A

Temp and pressure

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3
Q

Molecules that have same chemical Formulas but different structures are called?

A

Isomers

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4
Q

What law states that Matter is made of minute particles called molecules, that exist in various states (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma).

A

Molecular theory of matter

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5
Q

molecules are in constant motion (random motion) and have a degree of attraction between them called van der waals forces. What law is this?

A

Kinetic Theory of Matter

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6
Q

The temp at which a gas cannot be liquefied regardless of how much pressure is applied is called?

A

Critical temp

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7
Q

What are the outermost shell electrons called

A

Valence electrons

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8
Q

what do are ions

A

They carry positive and negative charges

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9
Q

What kind of Bond exist in water?

A

Polar covalent

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10
Q

Will solubility of gas in water increase or decrease with increase temp

A

Decrease

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11
Q

Will solubility of gas in water increase or decrease with increase pressure.

A

Increase

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12
Q

Is gas solubility in liquid inversely or directly proportional to temp

A

Inversely proportional

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13
Q

IS gas solubility in liquid directly or inversely proportional to pressure

A

Directly proportiona;l

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14
Q

What is the effect of volatile agent general anesthetics on Hypothermic patient

A

Wakes up slowly.

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15
Q

What law is this? At constant temperature:
The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution

A

Henry’s Law

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16
Q

Between oxygen and co2 which is most soluble in blood

A

C02

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17
Q

Name 2 applications of Henry’s Law

A
  1. Increasing Fio2
  2. Increasing the concentration of anesthetic gases by increasing the partial pressure of the gas and hence speeding up delivery into blood and brain.
  3. Allows calculation of oxygen delivery
  4. Allows calculation of oxygen and co2 content in blood
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18
Q

State Grahams LAW

A

A gas diffuses at a rate that is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.

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19
Q

If a Gas has a higher Molecular weight,would its rate of diffusion increase or decrease

A

Decrease.

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20
Q

Name 3 contraindications for Nitrous use

A
  1. Pneumothorax
    2.Middle ear surgery
    3.Belly Surgery should be only used in short duration
    4.During Nitrous use,cuff should be monitored frequently as it can diffuse into the cuff and increase cuff pressure.causing tracheal necrosis.
    Mostly will diffuse into airfilled cavities
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21
Q

State Ficks Law

A

Diffusion of a gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gas, and the membrane area, and is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and the molecular weight of the gas.

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22
Q

The diffusion of gas across a biological tissue is explained by what law?

A

Ficks LaW

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23
Q

Name the clinical applications Ficks law

A
  1. Copd
  2. Diffusion hypoxia
  3. Placenta drug transfer
  4. Allows determination of pulmonary Gas exchange
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24
Q

If there is a reduced alveola surface tension will induction be fast of slow

A

Slow

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25
Q

What is Diffusion hypoxia

A

During emergence from nitrous oxide anesthetic, rapid elimination of nitrous oxide from the lungs dilutes other alveolar gases, producing alveolar “diffusion hypoxia.”

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26
Q

When Nitrous is in Use,what effect does it have on Air Pocket

A

Airpocket expansion

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27
Q

N20 is more soluble in blood than Nitrogen.true or false

A

True

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28
Q

In Ficks Law,Diffusion happens down a concentration gradient true of false

A

True

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29
Q

What device is used to measure high pressure i Anesthesia

A

Bourdon gauge

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30
Q

What is the Bourdon gauge Zero referenced to

A

Zero referenced to the Atmospheric pressure

0 bourdon=760mmhg

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31
Q

How Does the Bourdon gauge Work?

A

Bourdon gauges contain a coiled tube that expands as pressure is applied.
A linkage connects the coil to a rotating arm that records the pressure.
Gauge pressure is zero referenced at atmospheric pressure and reads zero at 760​mm Hg at sea level

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32
Q

What is the Gauge pressure

A

Absolute pressure-Atmospheric pressure.

33
Q

state Boyles LAw

A

Pressure is Inversely Proportional to volume while temp is held constant.As pressure increases vol decreases

34
Q

Name the Applications of Boyles LAW

A

Pneumatic Bellows,Squeezing the Reservoir bag,diaphragm on inspiration and expiration during spontaneous breathing

35
Q

Which gas law states that “the volume of a given gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin Temperature”

A

Charles Law

36
Q

___________ remains constant in Charles Law

A

Pressure

37
Q

In charles Law, as __________ Increases The volume Increases

A

Temperature

38
Q

State Gay Lussacs Law

A

Pressure of gas is directly proportional to its temperature if the volume remains constant

39
Q

As Temperature Increases,_____________Increases in Gay Lussacs Law.

A

Pressure

40
Q

what is the ideal Gas law?

A

PV=nRT

41
Q

Name the Application Of ideal gas law

A

As a cylinder of compressed Gas empties,pressure falls

42
Q

The Pressure decreases as The moles Decreases in Ideal Gas laws T/f

A

T

43
Q

what is 1mole of a substance

A

6.02x10 E23. contains 22.4L

44
Q

Name one Application of Avogadro’s hypothesis

A

Calibration of Vaporizers

45
Q

Which Law states that in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container.

A

Daltons Law of partial pressure

Ptotal=p1+p2+p3

46
Q

The concentration of the vapor (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e the partial pressure) that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus in 50% of subjects is called

A

MAC(Minimum Alveoli Concentration)
Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is the concentration of a vapour in the alveoli of the lungs that is needed to prevent movement in 50% of subjects in response to surgical stimulus

47
Q

What would be the reason why a Gas cannot be Liquefied?

A

Because it Ambient temperature is above the critical point.

48
Q

When can a gas be liquefied?

A

This can happen when enough pressure is applied to a gas that its ambient temp is below critical point.

49
Q

Why cant oxygen Be Liquified?

A

Its ambient temp is above critical point

50
Q

WHy does Nitrous have to be weighed

A

Its part liquid and part gas.

51
Q

What is the Critical Temp of oxygen

A

-119 deg celcius

52
Q

Can Oxygen Be liquefied at room temp?

A

No

53
Q

The main oxygen storage per hospital supply is in what form? liquid/Gas

A

Liquid

54
Q

GAses are stored at what temp in the hospital supply

A

-160 deg celcius

55
Q

Nitrous oxide Crit temp is?

A

36.5 deg celcius

56
Q

What form is Nitrous oxide stored

A

Liquid

57
Q

what pressure is nitrous oxide stored

A

745mmhg

58
Q

What is Adiabatic

A

A change in temperature of the matter without gain or loss of heat

59
Q

Expansion of A Gas Causing cooling effect is called

A

Joule-Thompson effect

60
Q

State Poiseuille’s Law

A

Describes the relationship between rate of flow and:
1) pressure gradient across length of tube – direct
2) radius4 of the tube – direct
3) length of the tube – inverse
4) viscosity of the fluid – inverse
Q= pi r^4/\P
8 nL

61
Q

Name the Applications of Poiseuille’s Law

A

IV Flow
Airways
Vascular flow – Polycythemia vs. Anemia
Thorpe Tubes – at low flows

62
Q

Poiseuille’s Law is Apllied in what kind of Flow?

Lamina or Turbulent?

A

Lamina

63
Q

Density flow(Turbulent) is used in which can of flow meters

A

Variable orifice(Heliox) Flow meters

64
Q

Density flow is determinant of flow when flow is?

A

Turbulent and high flow

65
Q

Viscocity Flow is determinant of flow when flow is

A

Lamina and low flow

66
Q

At what point is Laminar flow converted to turbulent flow

A

when Reynolds number is >2000

67
Q

what is Reynolds number?

A

=Velocityxdenstiyxdiameter/viscosity

68
Q

Name the Factors that Change Flow from Laminar to Turbulent

A
  1. Increased velocity
  2. Bend >20 degrees
  3. Irregularity in the tube
69
Q

State the Bernoullis principle

A

The lateral wall pressure is LEAST at the point of greatest constriction and the speed is the GREATEST
Thus, flow will be faster through the constricted portions and slower at the wider portions of a tube

Narrow Diameter = ↓ Lateral wall pressure = ↑ Speed
Wider Diameter = ↑ Lateral wall pressure = ↓ Speed

70
Q

Name 3 applications of the Bernoullis principle

A

Nebulizers
Venturi Oxygen Masks (24-40% O2)
Jet Ventilation

71
Q

State the Law of Laplace

A

The pressure gradient across the wall of a sphere or tube is directly proportional to the wall tension and inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel

72
Q

What happens to Wall tension if the Vessel Increases?

A

Wall Tension Increases

73
Q

Effects of Laplace law can be found in

A

ALveolus,Capillaries walls,arterial walls,Aneurysm,Emphysema,Baby’s First Breath

74
Q

Clinical Applications of Laplace

A

1.Normal Alveoli and the need for surfactant during expiration
2.Vascular Pathology- Aneurysm rupture due to increased wall tension
3.Ventricular volume and work of the heart- a dilated
ventricle has greater tension in its wall (end diastolic
pressure rises)

75
Q

what law states :

That resistance which will allow one ampere of current to flow under the influence of a potential of one volt

A

v=IR
R=V/I
ohms law

76
Q

Name 2 clinical Applications in Ohms law

A

Thermistors

strain gauges in pressure transducers

77
Q

Sources Of Electricity in the OR

A

Metal is a good conductor, your patient is lying on a metal bed, surgery causes bleeding, blood is wet, the room is full of electrical equipment RISK TO THE PATIENT = BURNS
Macroshock: Current distributed through the body, culprit: faulty wiring, improper grounding
Microshock: Current applied in or near the heart, culprit pacing wires, fault equipment during cardiac cath
Electrocautery

78
Q

Microshock power level to cause VFib

A

50-100 microamps

79
Q

Macroshock power level for Vfib and complete physiologic damage

A

100-300 milliamps -V-Fib, resp intact

6000 milliamps -complete physiologic damage

Chemphys (1 decks)

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