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CCC > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Chemo definitions:

A 
Radical = curative intent
Primary: alone for cure
Neo-adjuvant: before an operation
Adjuvant: after an operation
Chemoradiation: with radiotherapy
Palliative: incurable advanced disease
High-dose: with bone marrow transplant or stem cell support.
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2
Q

Which type of cancer has shown an increase in incidence but a decrease in mortality?

A

Testicular cancer

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3
Q

What is the difference between primary chemotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

A

In primary chemo, the tumour is INOPERABLE, where a reduction in the tumour bulk in a pre-defined manner may make surgery with curative intent feasible. In neoadjuvant, the tumour is OPERABLE so the aims are to make the tumour smaller to allow less radical surgery, while at the same time treating the occult mets.

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4
Q

Which cancers can cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Non-small cell lung cancer (squamos), breast ca, renal ca, multiple myeloma and lymphoma, head & neck cancer..

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5
Q

Which cancers cause bone mets commonly?

A

Myeloma, lymphoma, breast ca, lung ca, prostate ca

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6
Q

What is the aim of adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

This is chemo following a complete macroscopic clearance in surgery, chemo in this setting treats the occult microscopic mets which we know tend to relapse after surgery for lymph-node positive disease (e.g. breast and colorectal).

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7
Q

Which types of cells are usually affected by chemotherapy at standard doses?

A

Haemotopoietic stem cells and the lining of the GI tract, producing low blood counts (myelosuppression) and mucositis.

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8
Q

How long in between cycles allows the haematopoeitic cells to recover?

A

3-4 weeks

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9
Q

What type of agent is cyclophosphamide?

A

This is an alkylating agent

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10
Q

How does cyclophosphamide work?

A

It causes cross-linking in DNA

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11
Q

What are the side effects associated with cyclophosphamide?

A

Haemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression, transitional cell carcinoma

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12
Q

Name the two cytotoxic antibiotics?

A

Bleomycin & Doxorubicin

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13
Q

How does bleomycin work?

A

It degrades performed DNA

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14
Q

What are the side effects associated with bleomycin?

A

Lung fibrosis

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15
Q

How does doxorubicin work?

A

Stabilizes DNA-topoisomerase II complex inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis

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16
Q

What is the side effect associated with doxorubicin?

A

Cardiomyopathy

17
Q

How does methotrexate work?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthesis

18
Q

What are the side effects of methotrexate?

A

Myelosuppression, mucositis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis

19
Q

Name the antimetabolite chemo drugs?

A

Methotrexate, Fluorouracil (5-FU), 6-mercaptopurine, Cytarabine

20
Q

How does 5-FU work?

A

Pyrimidine analogue inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by blocking thymidylate synthase (works during S phase)

21
Q

What are the side effects of 5-FU?

A

Myelosuppression, mucositis, dermatitis

22
Q

How does 6-mercaptopurine work?

A

Purine analogue that is activated by HGPRTase, decreasing purine synthesis

23
Q

What are the side effects associated with 6-mercaptopurine?

A

Myelosuppression

24
Q

How does cytarabine work?

A

Pyrimidine antagonist. Interferes with DNA synthesis specifically at the S-phase of the cell cycle and inhibits DNA polymerase

25
Q

What are the side effects of cytarabine?

A

Mylosuppression, ataxia.

26
Q

How does vincristine work? (used to treat lymphoma)

A

It inhibits formation of microtubules

27
Q

What are the side effects of vincristine?

A

Vincristine: Peripheral neuropathy (reversible) , paralytic ileus
Vinblastine: myelosuppression

28
Q

How does docetaxol work?

A

Prevents microtubule depolymerisation & disassembly, decreasing free tubulin

29
Q

What are the side effects of docetacil?

A

Neutropenia

30
Q

How does cisplatin work?

A

It causes cross-linking in DNA

31
Q

What are cisplatin side effects?

A

Ototoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, hypomagnesaemia

32
Q

How does Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) work?

A

Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, decreasing DNA synthesis

33
Q

What is a side effect of Hydroxyurea?

A

Myelosuppression

CCC (9 decks)

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