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Science GCSE > Chemistry Year 10 > Flashcards

Chemistry Year 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

The breaking down of substances using heat

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2
Q

What do you observe when copper carbonate is heated through like water?

A
  • colour green — black
  • gas was evolves as lime water turned milky which indicates presence of CO2.
  • the thermal decomposition was very easy.
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3
Q

What observations will you make when heating calcium carbonate through limewater?

A
  • colour shiny white — dull white
  • a little has was evolved
  • needed a lot oh heat for thermal decomposition
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4
Q

What is observed when heating sodium carbonate through lime water?

A
  • colour NO - NO
  • NO gas evolved
  • very difficult to thermally decompose.
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5
Q

What the formula and uses for limestone?

A
  • CaCO3

* building, cement production, glass

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6
Q

How does limestone turn into quicklime?

A

Thermal decomposition of the lime water which releases CO2 and CaO(quicklime)
CaCO3 —> CaO + CO2

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7
Q

What the formulas and uses for quicklime?

A
  • CaO

* used to make plaster or cement.

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8
Q

How does quick lime turn to slake lime?

A

•add a small amount of water
CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2
•the hydration of quicklime to slaked lime is highly exothermic (releases heat)

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9
Q

What is the formula for slaked lime and what is it used for?

A
  • Ca(OH)2(s)

* neutralising soils

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10
Q

How does slaked lime turn into lime water?

A

Add lots of water

Ca(OH)2(s) —> Ca(OH)2(aq)

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11
Q

What do the formula for limewater and what is it used for?

A
  • Ca(OH)2(aq)

* carbon dioxide test

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12
Q

How do you turn limewater to limestone?

A

Bubble in CO2

Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2O —> CaCO3 + H2O

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13
Q

What is the limestone cycle?

A

Limestone (calcium carbonate ) —> Quicklime (calcium oxide)—> slaked lime (calcium hydroxide solid) —> lime water (calcium hydroxide liquid)

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14
Q

What are the advantages of limestone quarrying?

A
  • Provides jobs
  • money for the economy
  • provides an important resource
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of limestone quarrying?

A
  • destruction of scenic areas
  • Lorrie create noise and dust pollution
  • destruction of natural habitats
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16
Q

What are the 4 main structures of the earth?

A

Solid iron core, molten iron core, mantle and crust

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17
Q

What was Alfred Werner’s continental drift theory?

A

That all the continents used to be joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and that the earths crust and upper mantle was made of sections that drifted apart over years

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18
Q

Why was his idea of continental drift only accepted as a theory in 1960?

A

Because there was no explanation to how the continents could move until the evidence that tectonic plates existed in 1960

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19
Q

What was Wegebers evidence for continental drift?

A
  • the continents coast lines fit together like a jigsaw
  • similar fossil distribution across continents
  • similar rock distributions of the same age at the location where two continents would have been joined
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20
Q

What is the tectonic plate theory?

A

The idea that the earth lithosphere is divided into separate parts know as tectonic plates, that move hover the mantle at a rate of a couple of centimetres per year, in a process called continental drift.

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21
Q

How is convection currents connect to plate tectonics and continental drift?

A

As the core heats the mantle it creates convection currents under the earths crust. The way the convection current moves for each plate shows what direction the plates move.

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22
Q

What happens at a destructive plate/ margin?

A

More dense oceanic plate subducts beneath the less dense continental plate and it melts as its near the mantle. It then re-emerges elsewhere as new igneous rock. The continental plate is deformed to form a mountain range .

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23
Q

What happens at a constructive margin?

A

The plates move apart, then the magma rises to fill the gaps. It then freezes and solidifies to form new “igneous” rock.

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24
Q

What happens at a conservative margin?

A

The plates slide past each other. They get caught by friction and strain builds. It then releases and jumps causing earthquakes.

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25
Q

Where do scientists think Earths first atmosphere came from?

A

Volcanic eruptions

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26
Q

What gases made up the first atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, ammonia, argon.

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27
Q

How did the first oceans form?

A

When the earth cooled the water vapour condensed.

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28
Q

In the next 2 billion years after the earths atmosphere was formed where did most the carbon dioxide end up?

A

Lime stone and chalk

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29
Q

What living things evolved on Earth next?

A

Green plant

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30
Q

In the next 2 billion years after the earths atmosphere was formed what gas was removed from the atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide

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31
Q

In the next 2 billion years after the earths atmosphere was formed what gas did they add to the atmosphere?

A

Oxygen

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32
Q

In the last billion years what gas formed in the upper atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide

33
Q

In the last billion year what does carbon dioxide filter from reaching the earths surface?

A

UV rays

34
Q

How is carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere?

A

Respiration

35
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere?

A

Photosynthesis

36
Q

Where does dissolves salts in our present day oceans come from?

A

Rocks

37
Q

What is the present composition of the earths atmosphere?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.04% carbon dioxide
Less than 1% noble gases

38
Q

What are raw materials obtained from the air?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, neon, argon

39
Q

What three processed control the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A
  • combustion (adds CO2)
  • photosynthesis (removes CO2)
  • respiration (adds CO2)
40
Q

What the word equation for combustion?

A

Fuel + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

41
Q

Who do the threes process control the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

The combustion of the atmosphere has remained stable for millions of years. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, while respiring and combustion uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The burning of ever more fossil fuels releases more and more of the locked in carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, disturbing the equilibrium that has existed for so long

42
Q

What is global warming?

A

The increase in temperature of the surface and atmosphere of earth.

43
Q

Explain the processes of the greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases e.g. CO2 absorbs heat energy (infra red radiation) from the sun and reflected from the dark surfaces on the earth. Prevent heat escaping the atmosphere.

44
Q

What are the 3 important greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide
Methane
Water vapour

45
Q

Why are greenhouse gas emissions increasing ?

A

Deforestation because burning the trees emits CO2, and less trees means less photosynthesis is recurring, so not as much CO2 being used.

Burning fossil fuels - cars, heating.

Building concrete releases co 2

More people/ animals so more respiration.

46
Q

What are the consequences of global warming?

A

Rising sea levels
Melting icecaps
Unseasonal extreme weather

47
Q

How is acid rain made?

A
  1. fossil fuels can contain sulphur an nitrogen.
  2. When fossil fuels are burned the sulphur reacts with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide (SO2)
  3. The SO2 is further oxidised in the upper atmosphere to sulphur trioxide (SO3)
  4. the nitrogen and sulphur oxides dissolve in rain water to produce acid rain.
48
Q

What are the consequences of acid rain?

A

Metal structures are eroded
Limestone buildings are eroded
(Acid rain will chemically react with many metals and limestone)
Fauna and vegetation which is unable to survive in an acidic environment will die
Aquatic plants and animals which are not able to tolerate a low pH will die.

49
Q

What are some solutions of global warming and acid rain?

A

Carbon capture
Sulphur scrubbing
(Just acid rain:)
Oil can be desulphurised before burning. The sulphur can then be sold to offset the cost.
Reducing our dependence on fossil fuels by devising alternative sources of energy production

50
Q

What is carbon capture?

A
  1. CO2 is captured from fossil fuel power stations and steak making plants.
  2. CO2 is cooled and transported via a network of pipelines
  3. CO2 is stored underground in depleted oil fields, old salt mines and disused coal seams.
51
Q

What is sulphur scrubbing?

A
  • The process by which industry can neutralise any acidic gases before releasing them into the atmosphere.
  • the acidic waste gases are introduced into a chamber filled with alkaline materials. Limestone quicklime or limewater can be used. The process form calcium sulphate. This is called ‘gypsum’ and can be used to make plasterboard for the building industry.
52
Q

What is the composition of water in pure or distilled water?

A

Just H2O

53
Q

What the composition of water in rain water?

A

Rainwater contains dissolved gases e.g. carbon dioxide and oxygen.
The dissolved carbon dioxide lowers the pH of rain water and makes it slightly acidic.

54
Q

What is the composition of ground water?

A 
Ground water contains :
•Metal ions such as Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Na+ , K+ ions dissolved from the rocks.
•Micro- organisms e.g. bacteria or viruses 
•pollutants such as :
Fertilisers 
Pesticides 
Household waste 
Industrial waste
55
Q

What is water used for when it is used for commercial use

A

Water is used by every town and city for a variety of purposes:
Firefighting
Restaurant
Hospitals and schools

56
Q

What is water used for when it’s used for industrial use?

A
  • it is heated and the steam is used to run machinery and make energy.
  • water is also used as a coolant during many industrial processes.
  • it is an important element in many products like chemicals,drugs,cosmetics,drinks.
57
Q

What are the stages to purification of drinking water?

A
  1. The water is filtered through a bed of coarse sand, larger particles of solid (a screen may be used before this to remove large debris)
    2.Next it flows into a sedimentation tank. Here chemicals are added to it, to make the smaller particles stick together. These particles then settle to the bottom of the tank.
  2. Water flows from the top of the sedimentation tank, into a filter of fine sand. This traps any remaining particles.
  3. Finally a little chlorine gas is added. It dissolves and kills any remaining Bacteria.
    In some places, a fluoride compound is also added to the water, to help prevent tooth decay. The water is then pumped into high covered storage tanks and from their pipes to homes and factories.
58
Q

What is fluoridation?

A

The addition of fluoride compounds to water supplies

59
Q

What are the arguments for fluoridation?

A
  1. helps prevent cavities and tooth decay.
  2. helps prevent bone fractures
  3. strengthens enamel
  4. Reduces osteoporosis
60
Q

What are the arguments against fluoridation?

A
  • Over use of fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis (mottling of the teeth).
  • There are many other ways of delivering Fluoride.
  • No difference exists in tooth decay between countries that do fluoridate their water and those that do not.
  • forced mass medication - no right to choose
61
Q

What is distillation?

A

The liquid is heated and evaporates. The gas fills the apparatus and teaches the condenser. It cools on the cold surface and condenses into a liquid. The liquid then runs out and is collected.

62
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Pigments in ink can be separated using paper chromatography. The solvent moves up the paper it dissolves the pigments, the most soluble pigment moves up faster

63
Q

How do you calculate the Rf value?

A

Distance the substance has traveled/ distance the solvent has traveled

64
Q

What is desalination?

A

This is the process of removing salt form sea water in order to make it suitable for drinking. The simplest method of desalination of sea water is simple distillation. This involves the boiling of sea water. This uses large amount of energy and is a costly process which prevents it being a viable process in many parts of the world

65
Q

What is method 1 of determining solubility?

A
  • add a known mass of a solute (solid) to a volume of water (100cm3) so that not all of it will dissolve.
  • filter the solution to remove the undissolved solid.
  • dry and weigh the excess solid.
66
Q

What is method 2 of determining the solubility?

A

• add an slight excess of a solute such as potassium chlorate to a fixed volume of water at room temperature.(this means that not all of the solute will dissolve)
•heat the solution and Stir until all the solute dissolves.
•Allow the solution to cool and record the temperature at which the crystals start to form.
This will give the solubility (mass added) for the volume at the temperature recorded.

67
Q

Why is hard water called hard water?

A

Harder to form a lather (takes more soap)

68
Q

What does water contain that makes it hard water?

A

Dissolves calcium or magnesium ions

69
Q

What is temporary hard water caused by?

A

Hydrogencarbonate

70
Q

How can temporary hard water be made soft?

A

By boiling it

71
Q

What is hard water caused by?

A

Sulfates

72
Q

What are the advantages of hard water?

A
  • calcium is good for teeth and bones
  • mg is good for heart
  • tastes better in tea
73
Q

What are the disadvantages of hard water?

A
  • needs more soap
  • scum needs cleaning
  • limescale needs cleaning
  • limescale blocks pipes and boilers
74
Q

What’s a disadvantage for soft water?

A

Contains sodium ions which is bad for the heart

75
Q

What is the first main method for testing water hardness?

A

Add a fix volume of soap solution and measure the height of the lather formed after shaking. Small height = harder water

76
Q

What is the second main method for testing water hardness?

A

Add small volumes of soap solution (1cm3) at a time, shake the flask after each volume is added and record the minimum volume of soap needs to produce a small height of lather. Small volume of soap = soft water

77
Q

What are the disadvantages of boiling hard water to make it soft!

A

Will only change temporary hard water to soft water.
Boiling has no effect on permanent hard water.
Can be expensive as a lot of energy is required to boil the water

78
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages for adding sodium carbonate to make hard water soft?

A

It works on both temporary and permanent hard water
Boiling has no effect on permanent hard water
Expensive and adds sodium ions which are bad for the heart
Calcium ions react with the carbonate ions forming insoluble calcium

79
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of using ion exchange to make hard water soft?

A
  • it works with both types of hard water
  • it can be regenerated with salt solution which is cheap
  • when the hard water flows through calcium ions swap with sodium ions on the resin
  • filters need changing when concentrated NaCl solution
  • expensive

Science GCSE (2 decks)

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