Chemistry Unit Flashcards
what is matter composed of
atoms
what are atoms composed of
protons, neutrons, electrons
what are isotopes
elements that have multiple variations
in biology, what 4 types of bonds should you know
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der waals bonds
what is diffusion
the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
what does it mean if a membrane is permeable
it allows many molecules through
what does it mean if a membrane is semi-permeable
it allows some molecules through
what does it mean if a membrane is selectively permeable
it allows certain types of molecules through
what is osmosis
a specific type of diffusion where water moves across a membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
what is tonicity
the osmotic pressure gradient(it describes it)
a side is hypotonic when:
the solution has a lower solute concentration than the other side
a side is hypertonic when:
the solution has a higher solute concentration than the other side
it is isotonic when:
both sides have an equal solute concentration
what does it mean when water is cohesive
it is attracted to itself
what does it mean when water is adhesive
it is attracted to other molecules
what is a buffer
an aqueous solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base
what are the 4 main classes of molecules in biology
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
what is a monomer
the smallest possible version of the 4 main classes of molecules
what is a polymer
a combination of 2 or more monomers
how are monomers bonded together
through dehydration synthesis
what is hydrolysis
the breakdown of a molecule with water
what is the general formula for carbohydrates(aka saccharides)
CH2O
what is a monosaccharide
a singular saccharide(carbohydrate)
what are oligosaccharides
groups of 3 or more saccharides
what are polysaccharides
large groups of saccharides
what are the 3 common monosaccharides
glucose, fructose and galactose
what are the 3 common disaccharides
sucrose(glucose + fructose), lactose(glucose + galactose), maltose(glucose + glucose)
what is starch
thousands of glucose molecules
what is glycogen
multiple glucose molecules
major types of lipids
neutral fats and oils, phospholipids, waxes and steroids
fatty acids can either be saturated or unsaturated. what is the main characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
they have no double bonds in their chain
fatty acids can either be saturated or unsaturated. what is the main characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
they have double bonds between some carbons
what are proteins composed of
amino acids(these are the monomers that make up proteins)
what are peptides
chains of amino acids
what are the 2 types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
what are nucleic acids composed of
nucleotides(these are the monomers)
what are nucleotides composed of
a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
what are the purines
guanine and adenine
what are the pyrimidines
cytosine thymine and uracil
instead of thymine, what does RNA have?
uracil
instead of uracil, what does DNA have?
thymine
