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Biology Final Practice > Chemistry Unit > Flashcards

Chemistry Unit Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is matter composed of

A

atoms

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2
Q

what are atoms composed of

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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3
Q

what are isotopes

A

elements that have multiple variations

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4
Q

in biology, what 4 types of bonds should you know

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der waals bonds

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5
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient

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6
Q

what does it mean if a membrane is permeable

A

it allows many molecules through

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7
Q

what does it mean if a membrane is semi-permeable

A

it allows some molecules through

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8
Q

what does it mean if a membrane is selectively permeable

A

it allows certain types of molecules through

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9
Q

what is osmosis

A

a specific type of diffusion where water moves across a membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration

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10
Q

what is tonicity

A

the osmotic pressure gradient(it describes it)

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11
Q

a side is hypotonic when:

A

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the other side

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12
Q

a side is hypertonic when:

A

the solution has a higher solute concentration than the other side

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13
Q

it is isotonic when:

A

both sides have an equal solute concentration

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14
Q

what does it mean when water is cohesive

A

it is attracted to itself

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15
Q

what does it mean when water is adhesive

A

it is attracted to other molecules

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16
Q

what is a buffer

A

an aqueous solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base

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17
Q

what are the 4 main classes of molecules in biology

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

18
Q

what is a monomer

A

the smallest possible version of the 4 main classes of molecules

19
Q

what is a polymer

A

a combination of 2 or more monomers

20
Q

how are monomers bonded together

A

through dehydration synthesis

21
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

the breakdown of a molecule with water

22
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates(aka saccharides)

A

CH2O

23
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a singular saccharide(carbohydrate)

24
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

groups of 3 or more saccharides

25
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

large groups of saccharides

26
Q

what are the 3 common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

27
Q

what are the 3 common disaccharides

A

sucrose(glucose + fructose), lactose(glucose + galactose), maltose(glucose + glucose)

28
Q

what is starch

A

thousands of glucose molecules

29
Q

what is glycogen

A

multiple glucose molecules

30
Q

major types of lipids

A

neutral fats and oils, phospholipids, waxes and steroids

31
Q

fatty acids can either be saturated or unsaturated. what is the main characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

A

they have no double bonds in their chain

32
Q

fatty acids can either be saturated or unsaturated. what is the main characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

they have double bonds between some carbons

33
Q

what are proteins composed of

A

amino acids(these are the monomers that make up proteins)

34
Q

what are peptides

A

chains of amino acids

35
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

36
Q

what are nucleic acids composed of

A

nucleotides(these are the monomers)

37
Q

what are nucleotides composed of

A

a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

38
Q

what are the purines

A

guanine and adenine

39
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

cytosine thymine and uracil

40
Q

instead of thymine, what does RNA have?

A

uracil

41
Q

instead of uracil, what does DNA have?

A

thymine

Biology Final Practice (9 decks)

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