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urinalysis > CHemistry tests > Flashcards

CHemistry tests Flashcards

1
Q

Specific gravity

A

Key reagents
Chemstrip:Ethylene glycol-bis tetraacetic acid
Multistix: Polymethylivnyl ether/maliec acid
Color indicator: Bromthymol blue
Expected result = 1.002 - 1.035

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2
Q

pH

A 
Double indicator reaction
Reagents
Methyl Red
Bromtymol Blue
Reference interval 4.5 - 8.0
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3
Q

When you would find hemoglobinuria?

A

Intravascular hemolysis
Extensive burn
Copper poisoning
Clostridium perfringens infection

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4
Q

What diseases cause hematuria?

A

Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Kidney stones

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5
Q

Follow up test for myoglobinuria

A

Creatine kinease

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6
Q

Blood

A

Pseudoperoxidase activity of heme moiety
Reagents
Diisopropylbenezene dihydroperoxide
Chromogen: Tetramethylbenzidine

False negative: ascorbic acid
expected result = negative

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7
Q

Leukocyte esterase

A 
Key reagents
Esters
Chemistrip: indoxyl carbonic acid ester
Multistix: derivatize pyrrole amino acid ester
Diazonium salt
1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid
expected reesult = negative - trace
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8
Q

Nirtires

A 
Reaction 2: azo-coupling reaction
Principle
Reaction 1: diazotization reaction
Key reagents:
Amine
Chemstrip:sulfanilamide
Miltistix: p-arsanilic acid (aromatic amine)
Aromatic compound 
tetra-hydrobenzoquinolinol
expected result: negative
false negative: ascorbic acid
false positive: pyridium
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9
Q

Proteins

A 
Principle
Protein ‘error of indicators’:
Key reagent
Tetrabromophenol blue
expected result: negative
false positive: highly alkaline urine
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10
Q

Overflow proteinuria

A 
more low mw proteins through glomerulus, cannot filter all of them
globulin spike only
causes
Acute phase reactants
Infection 
Inflammation
Muscle injury
Intravascular hemolysis
  - Bence-Jones Proteins
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11
Q

Glomerular proteinuria

A

Increased plamsa proteins (mostly albumin) into ultrafiltrate

Albumin spike only

Causes
Nephrotic Syndrome
Primary glomerular disease
Glomerular damage
Diabetes mellitus
Pregnancy
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12
Q

Tubular protteinuria

A 
Tubular function is altered 
albumin and globulin spike
Causes
Pyelonephritis
Fanconi's Syndrome
Heavy metal poisoning
Hereditary
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13
Q

Postrenal proteinuria

A

Inflamation anywhere in urinary tract

causes
inflammation
malignancy
injury/trauma

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14
Q

Glucose

A 
Principle 
1: glucose oxidase 2: peroxidase
Key reagents
Glucose oxidase
Chromogens
Chemstrip: Tetramethylbenzidine
expected results negative
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15
Q

Blood glucose threshold

A

160-180 mg/dL

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16
Q

Ketones

A 
Principle 
		Acetoacetate + Sodium nitroprusside 
Key reagent
Sodium nitroprusside
Chemstrip: Glysine
Expected results negative
17
Q

Bilirubin

A

Principle
Diazonium salt (in reagent pad) reacts with conjugated bili to produce a Azo dye (color change)
Key reagents
Multistix: dichlorobenzene diazonium salt
Chemstrip: dichlorobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate
Expected result: negative

18
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Multistix: Classic Ehrlich’s Reaction
Urobilinogen + p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich’s reagent) in acid = a red (magenta) color change

Chemstrip: Azocoupling rxn.
Key reagent 4-methoxybenzine-diaonium-fluoroborate

Expected result 0.2-1

19
Q

Watson-Schwartz test

A

Historical test for urobilinogen

replaced by Ehrlichs’ rxn

20
Q

Confirmatory tests

A 
Clintest - reducing sugars (Galactose)
ICtotest - Bilirubin
Acetest - Ketones
Sulfosalicylic acid - Protein
Microalbumin - albumin
21
Q

Bilirubin metabolism

A

Peripheral tissue
protoporhpyrin —> Biliverdin —-> Bilirubin
Blood
Bilirubin binds to albumin
Liver
albumin removed and glucoronic acid bound to bilirubin (CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN)
Intestine
returned to unconjucated bilirubin and released as urobilinogen

22
Q

abnormal bilirubin metabolism

A

prehepatic
Bilirubin = N Urobilinogen = Increased
Hepatic
Bilirubin = Incrased Urobilinogen = N to Increased
Posthepatic
Bilirubin = VERY INCREASED Urobilinogen= decreased

urinalysis (1 decks)

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