Chemistry - States of Matter and Mixtures Flashcards
Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in a solid.
The particles are tightly packed together in a regular arrangement and vibrate about their fixed position.
Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in a liquid.
The particles are close together but in a random arrangement.
They are able to vibrate and move around one another.
Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in a gas.
The particles are separated and randomly arranged. They are free to move in any direction.
Compare the relative energies of particles in solids, liquids and gases.
Particles in a solid have the least amount of energy and particles in a gas have the most energy.
What does ‘interconversion of state’ mean?
When matter changes from one state to another due to changes in temperature or pressure.
What are the names for the state changes from solid to liquid and vice versa?
Solid to liquid = melting
Liquid to solid = freezing
What are the names for the state changes from liquid to gas and vice versa?
Liquid to gas = evaporation
Gas to liquid = condensation
Describe the forces between particles in a solid.
There are strong forces of attraction between the particles, which keep them in their fixed positions.
Describe the forces between particles in a liquid.
There are weaker attraction forces than in a solid so they remain held in contact but can move around each other.
Describe the forces between particles in a gas.
Weakest intermolecular forces so the particles are in random arrangements and move randomly.
How does a physical change differ from a chemical change?
A physical change involves changes in the forces between particles: the particles themselves and the chemical properties remain the same.
A chemical change affects the chemical properties of a substance.
Are physical changes easily reversible?
Yes.
This is because no new product is formed during the changes of state.
What is the term that describes a solid changing into a gas straight away?
Sublimation.
What happens (in terms of particles) when a solid is heated and melted into a liquid?
As the solid is being heated,
- The particles gain thermal energy
- which is converted to kinetic energy
- so the particles vibrate more
- causing the solid to expand until the structure breaks
- becoming a liquid.
What happens (in terms of particles) when a liquid is heated and evaporated into a gas?
As the liquid is being heated,
- The particles in the liquid expand
- some particles on the surface gain enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces
- causing them to evaporate.
- At boiling point
- all particles gain enough energy to evaporate.