Chemistry Semester 2 Knowledge

Question 1

Non-polar molecule

Answer 1

Molecule that has no positive or negative poles formed in it.

Question 2

Degenerate

Answer 2

of equal energy

Question 3

Difference between Saturated and unsaturated molecule

Answer 3

Saturated - contains only single bonds between carbon atoms, they are saturated with hydrogen atoms (having as many hydrogens as it can) and undergoes substitution reactions.

Unsaturated - contains double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, they are not saturated with hydrogens and undergo addition reactions

Question 4

Homologous series

Answer 4

a sequence of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

Question 5

What are the three main types of hydrocarbons and their characteristics?

Answer 5

Alkanes - molecule only has single bonds.
Alkenes - molecule can have single/double bonds.
Alkynes - can have single/double/triple bonds

Question 6

General formula for the three main types of hydrocarbons

Answer 6

Alkanes - CnH2n+2
Alkenes - CnH2n
Alkynes - CnH2n-2

Question 7

What prefixes correlate to what number of C atoms?

Answer 7

Meth - 1
Eth - 2
Prop - 3
But - 4
Pent - 5
Hex - 6
Hept - 7
Oct - 8
Non - 9
Dec - 10

Question 8

Identify Three main types of Intermolecular forces (from strongest to weakest)

Answer 8

1. Hydrogen bonding
2. Dipole-dipole interactions
3. Dispersion forces

Question 9

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 9

A strong type of dipole-dipole force between a H atoms and lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom (usually N, O, F, Cl).

Question 10

Dipole-Dipole interactions

Answer 10

attraction between two molecules with each of them having dipoles (seperation between negative and positive charge) present

Question 11

Dispersion forces (London forces)

Answer 11

It is the attraction between weak temporary dipoles that form due to the random movement of electrons.

Question 12

Polarity

Answer 12

the state of an atom or molecule that has both the electrical poles, positive and negative charges.

Question 13

Characteristics

Answer 13

A feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify them.

Question 14

Electronegativity

Answer 14

A measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared (within a covalent molecule) electrons to itself.

Question 15

Intermolecular forces

Answer 15

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighbouring molecules. This is not bonding.

Question 16

Covalent bond

Answer 16

Bond forming between non-metallic atoms, where elements share electrons to fill outer shells.

Question 17

Organic

Answer 17

Relating to or derived from living matter.

Question 18

Hydrocarbon

Answer 18

A molecule that only contains hydrogen and carbon.

Question 19

Side chain/Alkyl group

Answer 19

A group formed by removing a hydrogen from an organic molecule and having a smaller alkane group.

Question 20

Functional Group

Answer 20

An atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that determines the reactivity/characteristics of that compound

Question 21

Alcohols

Answer 21

A class of organic molecule that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 22

Aldehydes

Answer 22

A class of organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group (-CO-) at the end of the main chain

Question 23

Ketones

Answer 23

A class of organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group (-CO-) within the main chain.

Question 24

Carboxylic acids

Answer 24

A class of organic molecule that contains a Carboxyl group (-COOH)

Question 25

Haloalkanes

Answer 25

A class of organic molecule that has had at least one halogen instead of hydrogen.

Question 26

Esters

Answer 26

A class of organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to another carbon

Question 27

Structural Isomers

Answer 27

Two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures.

Question 28

How do you identify a Homologous series?

Answer 28

any of numerous groups of chemical compounds in each of which the difference between successive members is a simple structural unit.

Question 29

Substitution

Answer 29

reactions in which an atom or functional group of a compound is replaced by an atom or functional group of another compound

Question 30

Addition

Answer 30

reactions in which atoms or functional groups are added to a compound across a double (or triple) bond

Question 31

Metals properties

Answer 31

Appearance - Lustrous Melting/boiling points - High (they are all solids, except for mercury which is a liquid) Density - High Strength - strong Malleability - Malleable Ductility - ductile Heat conductivity - high Electrical conductivity - high

Question 32

Non metals properties

Answer 32

Appearance - Dull Melting/Boiling point - lower than metals (bromine is a liquid at room temperature, and eleven others are gases) Density - low Strength - not strong Malleability - brittle Ductility - not ductile Heat conductivity - low Electrical conductivity - poor (graphite is exception)

Question 33

Periodic table trends/patterns in Atomic/Ionic Radii

Answer 33

1. Atomic radius - increases down the group and decreases across a period. 2. Ionic radius - decreases across the period in positive ions and negative ions. And generally increases down the group.

Question 34

Periodic table trends/patterns in Reactivity

Answer 34

Metals - increased reactivity down the group and reactivity decreases across a period. Non-metals - reactivity increases up the group and reactivity increase across a period.

Question 35

Periodic table trends/patterns in electronegativity

Answer 35

electronegativity increases up the group and increases across a period.

Question 36

Periodic table trends/patterns in ionisation energy

Answer 36

ionisation energy increases across a period and up the group

Question 37

Periodic table trends/patterns in metallic/non-metallic character

Answer 37

1. Metallic character increases down the group and decreases across a period. 2. Non metallic character increases across a period and up the group.

Question 38

Draw and name Shapes of molecules

Answer 38

Linear​ Bent​ Tetrahedral​ Trigonal Planar​ Trigonal pyramidal Note: Check PowerPoint slide 33 on Term 4

Question 39

Spectroscopy

Answer 39

Looks at the interaction between matter and the electromagnetic spectrum. When electrons decay/move back to lower energy levels, they give off energy in the form of light. ​ All elements give off a certain wavelength of light (which assigns it a specific colour), when analysed the wavelengths can determine the composition.

Question 40

When working with two or more double/triple bonds, what are the prefixes?

Answer 40

- diene, triene, etc. - diyne, triyne, etc.

Question 41

When working with two or more double/triple bonds, what happens to the organic compound prefixes?

Answer 41

Except for Meth and eth, all organic compound prefixes get an 'a' added to it.

Question 42

Suffixes for all classes of Organic compounds

Answer 42

Carboxylic acid: -oic ad Alcohol: -ol Aldehyde: -al Ester: -oate Ketone: -one