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Chemistry section 12 > Chemistry section 12 > Flashcards

Chemistry section 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a sulhydryl group?

A

-SH, metals have a high affinity for heavy metals

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2
Q

what is speciation?

A

the chemical form of the element

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3
Q

why has there been a recent decline in emissions of Hg?

A
  1. Emissions controls on waste incinerators
  2. remove batteries and paint from waste stream
  3. controls on metal smelting
  4. closure of chlor-alkali plants
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4
Q

Is liquid or vapour mercury more toxic?

A

Vapour - neutral charge which allows the hg to pass through membranes

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5
Q

what is an amalgam?

A

solutions or alloys which combine mercury with one or many metals - Dental

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6
Q

How does chlor-alkali process release mercury to env?

A

the cooling water for the plant is recycled back into the system which it came from leading to contamination of the system

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7
Q

2 uses for Hg in batteries

A
  1. prevents erosion of zinc cathode

2. used to prevent the release and build up of hydrogen gas

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8
Q

Sources of environmental mercury? 4

A
  1. unregulated burning of coal
  2. incineration of municipal/medical waste
  3. metal and steel industries
  4. gold and other non-ferrous metal production
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9
Q

3 Hg forms emitted from a coal power plant?

A
  1. GEM Hg^naught
  2. Particulate Hg - Hg ^2+
  3. RGM - HgCl2
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10
Q

Formula for methylmercury and common forms ?

A

CH3Hg

  1. CH3HgCl
  2. CH3HgOH
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11
Q

sources of dietary Hg in humans?

A
  1. Fish

2. rice grown in areas of china near factories

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12
Q

what is the minamata disease?

A

Hg into water where factory dumped waste -> into fish supply and then into humans… fucks with nervous system

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13
Q

How can lead in ammunition be a danger to wild life?

A

Birds eat lead shot, birds of prey eat animals shot with lead shot, condors in cali eat deer which has been shot

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14
Q

What are the two common forms of lead?

A

Pb2+

Pb4+

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15
Q

How can lead dissolve into a can of fruit even though it is insoluble in mineral acids?

A

The air oxidizes the Pb(s) to Pb(aq)

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16
Q

Why is lead pipe water contamination less common in areas with hard water?

A

An insoluble layer of PbCO3 forms on the surface of the lead preventing it from dissolving

17
Q

Why is lead used in paints?

A

it gives stable brilliant colours (Red, yellow, white) and prevents mold and mildew

18
Q

why are heavy metal compounds more soluble in acidic water?

A

in the case of PbS, the sulfide ion is converted to HS and then to H2S which leaves the Pb2+ in the wata

19
Q

what form of lead is in lead storage batteries?

A

Pb2+, Pb 4+, PbO2

20
Q

2 organic lead compound used in gasoline?

A
  1. Tetramethyllead -Pb(CH3)4
  2. Tetraethyllead

Used to reduce knocking, both volatile and entered the environment

21
Q

Toxicity of lead in terms of reproduction and intelligence

A
  • Neuropsychological impairment and reduced iQ

- Fucks with the fetus brain

22
Q

Who is at a higher risk from lead contamination

A
  1. the young

2. those with iron/calcium deficiency

23
Q

What are the main sources of cadmium in the env?

A
  1. byproduct of zinc smelting

2. lead and copper smelters

24
Q

What is the main source of cadmium in humans?

A

Food supply - seafood and organ meats and grains potatoes

25
Q

describe what is meant by itai-itai disease?

A

comes from japan which means ouch-ouch, cadmium got into humans and caused joint pain

26
Q

What is metallothionein?

A

A sulfur rich protein which forms a complex with cadmium and it is then excreted from urine

27
Q

Uses of As which result in contamination of the ENV?

A
  1. As pesticides

2. mining, metal smelting, iron/steel production

28
Q

Which As compounds are found in As pesticides?

A

Herbicides - sodium arsenate

Insecticides - lead arsenate

29
Q

Main concerns about arsenic in drinking water?

A

cancer

30
Q

Why are ares of Bangladesh contaminated with As?

A

High amount in the ground which leaches into GW

31
Q

Why is it difficult to set standards in regards to safe levels of As in drinking water?

A

Has a negative long term effect on its own but creates co-carcinogens with other chemicals which act more quickly

32
Q

What organic compounds of As are of most concern?

A

Water soluble oxyacid derivatives

33
Q

Why is As in organic forms less toxic to humans?

A

they are water soluble and are excreted

34
Q

Methods by which As can be removed from water

A
  1. activated alumina
  2. magnetite particles
  3. Filter water through sand
35
Q

two important oxidation states of Chromium?

A
  1. Cr(III)

2. Cr(VI) - more toxic, more soluble and more mobile

36
Q

How is Cr(VI) removed from waste water

A

Reducing agent is added to change Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and then the Cr(III) is precipitated out

37
Q

What is CCA and which toxic metals are in it?

A

Chromated Copper arsenic - Chromium and arsenic

Chemistry section 12 (3 decks)

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