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A level chemistry > Chemistry Reactions > Flashcards

Chemistry Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Acyl chloride + Alcohol

A

RCOCl + HOR’ —> RCOOR’ + HCl
Acylation, esterification
Room temperature

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2
Q

Ester —> Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid

A

RCOOR’ —> RCOOH + HOR’
Heat under reflux with water and H+ ions (reversible reaction)
Hydrolysis reaction

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3
Q

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid —> Ester

A

RCOOH + R’OH —> RCOOR’ + H20
Esterification, condensation reaction
Heat under reflux with c.H2SO4 or HCl

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4
Q

Coupling Reaction

Diazonium to Azo

A

Benz-N2+ + Benz-X —> Benz-N2-Benz-X (azo) + H+
Make solution of coupling agent
-in NaOH if phenol
- X must be OH or NH2. Increase electron density and reactivity to electrophiles
Add Ice cold diazonium salt solution
Electrophillic Substitution`

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5
Q

Alkane —> Haloalkane

A

RCH3 + Br2 —> RCH2Br + HBr
Radical chain reaction
Need Br2 and sunlight
(Normal initiation, propogation, termination reaction)

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6
Q

Diazotisation

Aromatic amine to diazonium compound

A

Benz-NH2 + HNO2 + H+ —> Benz-N2+ + 2H20
Aromatic amine dissolved in dilute HCl. Cold sodium nitrate (III( solution added (NaNO2). HCl and NaNo2 form unstable nitrous acid which reacts with amine group
Need sodium nitrate(III) solution, dilute HCL, keep under 5 C

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7
Q

Haloalkane + OH- —> Primary alcohol

A

RCH2Br + NaOH —> RCH2OH + NaBr
Heat under reflux with NaOH (for hydroxide ions)
Nucleophillic substitution

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8
Q

Haloalkane + H2O —> Primary alcohol

A

RX + H2O —> ROH + H+ + X-
Heat under reflux with water. Slower than reaction with OH-
Nucleophillic substitution

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9
Q

Primary alcohol —> Haloalkane

A

RCH2OH + X- + H+ —> RCH2X + H20
Heat under reflux with NaBr (Br- ions) and c. Sulfuric acid
Nucleophillic substitution

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10
Q

Nitrobenzene —> Phenylamine

Benz-NO2 —> Benz–NH2

A

Data sheet
Reduction
Heat under reflux with SN and c.HCl

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11
Q

Benzene —> Nitrobenzene

nitration

A 
Benz + HNO3 ---> Benz-NO2 + H2O
Conc. HNO3 catalyst. Keep under 55
Electrophillic substitution
1) HNO3 + 2H2SO4 ---> NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H30+
- products are the nitrating mixture
2) Benz + NO2+ ---> Benz-NO2 + H+
3) H+ + 2H2SO4- + H3O+ ---> 2H2SO4 + H20
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12
Q

Benzene- Sulfobenzene

sulfonation of benzene

A 
Benz + c.H2SO4 ---> Benz-SO3H + H+
Heat under reflux with c. H2SO4. OR at 40 with fuming H2SO4
Electrophillic substitution
1) H2SO4 ---> H2O + SO3+
2) Benz + SO3+ ---> Benz-HSO3+
Benz-HSO3 ---> Benz-SO3H
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13
Q

Benzene —> Chlorobenzene

chlorination

A 
Benzene + Cl2 ---> Benz-Cl + HCl
React at room temperature with anhydrous AlCl3
Electrophillic substitution
1. Cl2 + AlCl3 ---> Cl+ + AlCl4-
2. Benz + Cl+ ---> Benz-Cl + H+
3. H+ + AlCl4- ---> HCl + AlCl3
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14
Q

Benzene —> Bromobenzene

(bromonation

A 
Benzene + Br2 ---> Benz-Br + HBr
Heat with Iron(III) bromide catalyst
Electrophillic substitution
1. Br2 + FeBr3 ---> Br+ + FeBr4
2. Benzene + Br+ ---> Benz-Br + H+
3. H+ + FeBr3- ---> HBr + FeBr3
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15
Q

Benzene —> Benzene-R

Friedel-Crafts alkylation

A 
Benzene + RCl ---> Benz-R + HCl
Heat under reflux with R and anhydrous AlCl3
Electrophillic substitution
1. RCl + AlCl3 ---> R+ + AlCl4-
2. Benzene + R+ ---> Benzene-R + H+
3. H+ + AlCl4- ---> HCl + AlCl3
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16
Q

Benzene —>Benzene-OR

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

A 
Benzene + RCOCl ---> Benz-OR + HCl
React with acyl chloride with anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst. Or use an acid anhydride
Electrophillic substitution
1. RCOCl + AlCl3 ---> RCO+ + AlCl4-
2. Benzene + RCO+ ---> Benz-C(O)R + H+
3. H+ + AlCl4- ---> HCl + AlCl3
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17
Q

Haloalkane —> Amine

A

RX + NH3 —> RNH3+X- RNH2 + X- + H+
Nucleophillic substitution
Heat in a sealed tube with c. NH3 solution

18
Q

Electrophillic substitution

A

Bromination, Chlorination, Friedel-Crafts, Nitration, Sulfonation
Need some kind of catalyst to make the electrophile
Keeps stable benzene system

19
Q

Nucleophillic addition

A

Aldehyde/ketone + cyanohydrin reactions

CN acts as nucleophile

20
Q

Electrophillic addition

A

CH2CH2 + X-X —> CH2XCH2X
Electrophile may be polarised by proximity to negative region
Electrons from negative region attack positive electrophile (whose electrons move to negative region)
Double bond breaks, making one carbon a carbocation and X ion
Electrons from X ion attacks carbocation to form covalent bond

21
Q

Aldehyde/Ketone —> Cyanohydrin
(R-C-OH)
(R’/ \CN)

A

RC(O)R’ + CN- —> R(R’)C(OH)(CN)
React in solution, in acidic conditions with CN- ions
Nucleophillic addition

22
Q

Nucleophile

A

Nucleophile- (molecule/ negative ion) with a lone pair of electrons that it can donate to a positively charged atom to form a covalent bond

23
Q

Alkene —> Haloalkane

A

CH2H2 + HBr —> CH3CH2Br
React at room temperature with a solution of HBr
(Electrophillic addition)
OR a radical chain reaction with HBr(g)

24
Q

Alkene —> Alkane

A

CH2CH2 + H2 —> CH3CH
150 c, 5atm, Finely powdered Nickel catalyst, H2 gas
Electrophillic addition

25
Q

Alcohol —> Carboxylic Acid

A

ROH —> ROOH
Heat under reflux with excess chromate ions and H+
Oxidation

26
Q

Aldehyde —> Carboxylic Acid

A

Heat under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

Oxidation

27
Q

Aldehyde —> Primary Alcohol

A

Reduction with NaBH4

Data sheet

28
Q

Primary Alcohol —> Aldehyde

A

ROH —> RCHO
Heat under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate. Distil in situ. Excess alcohol
Oxidation

29
Q

Secondary alcohol —> Ketone

A

R(H)OHR’ —> RC(O)R’
Heat under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate
Oxidation

30
Q

Primary alcohol —> Alkene

A

ROH —> R + H20
Dehydration. Elimination.
300 C with Alumina catalyst (Al2O3)
or Heat under reflux with c. H2SO4

31
Q

Alkene —> Primary alcohol

A

Alkene + H20 —> Alcohol
Electrophillic Addition
Industrial- High temp, high pressure, presence of catalyst (phophoric acid on silica)
Lab- React ethene with c. H2SO4 then dilute with water. Adds on OSO3H group, the lose SO3H to OH- ions and gain H+

32
Q

Carboxylic Acid —> Acyl chloride

A

RCOOH +SOCl2 —> RCOCl + SO2 + HCl
Substitution reaction
Heat under reflux with SCl2O

33
Q

Acyl chloride —> Secondary amide

A

RCOCl + RNH2 —> RC(O)NHR + HCl
Acylation reaction, Condensation
Room temperature, RNH2

34
Q

Haloalkane —> Nitrile

A

R-X + CN- —> RCN + Br-

Data sheet

35
Q

Acyl Chloride —> Primary amide

A

RCOCl + R’NH2 —> RCONHR’ + HCl

Acyl chloride + amine —> amide + HCl

36
Q

Nitrile —> Carboxylic Acid

A

RCN —> RCOOH
Heat under reflux, H+ ions
Data sheet

37
Q

Nitrile —> Amine

A

Nitrile + 2H2 —-> CHNH2
Palladium catalyst, high temp and pressure
(May not be necessary)

38
Q

Nucleophillic substitution

A

Nucleophile attacks delta -ve C atom
Nucleophile donate two electrons to form dative covalent bond
C-X bond breaks heterolytically, producing negative ion
R-X + Nu- —> R-Nu + X-

39
Q

Electrophile`

A

A positive ion/ partial positive molecule, that will be attracted to a negatively charged region and react by accepting a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

40
Q

Amide —> Carboxylic acid

acid hydrolysis

A

Amide + Acid —> Carboxylic acid + Amine salt

41
Q

Amide

alkaline hydrolysis

A

1 Amide + alkali —> Carboxylate ion + ammonia (g)
2 Amide + alkali —> Carboxylate ion + amine
Need mod concentrated alkali (NaOH)

A level chemistry (12 decks)

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