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AP Biology > Chemistry + Properties of Water > Flashcards

Chemistry + Properties of Water Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fWhat are elements & their 2 specific properties?

A

Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties.

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2
Q

Life is composed of matter, what are 2 properties of mass?

A

Matter: occupies space and has mass.

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3
Q

What are the four most common elements of living organisms?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.

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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains all chemical properties of an element.

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5
Q

What are the 2 regions of the atom?

A

Nucleus and Outermost region (Orbitals)

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6
Q

Nucleus? What does it contain?

A

Center of the atom and contains
protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Outermost region?

A

Holds electrons in orbit
around the nucleus?

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8
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges?

A

Protons - positive, neutrons - 0, and electrons - negative.

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9
Q

Reactants

A

Substances used at beginning of reaction

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10
Q

Products

A

Substances formed at the end
of the reaction.

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11
Q

Irreversible reaction

A

Proceeds in one direction until all the reactants are used up.

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12
Q

Reversible reaction

A

Reactants are converted to products but some products can be converted back to reactants.

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13
Q

Chemical bond

A

The attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules.

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14
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing electrons.

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

Metals lose electrons and nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an octet.

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16
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and attracted more to one nucleus than the other.

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17
Q

How does water have a polar covalent bond?

A

Oxygen has higher electronegativity than hydrogen. Meaning it wants the electrons more than than hydrogen does

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18
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

Electrons are equally shared
by the atoms.

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19
Q

What 2 factors determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar?

A

Bond type and molecular shape

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20
Q

Liquid water

A

Hydrogen bonds are constantly made, broken and remade

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21
Q

Water as a gas

A

Water is heated the increased kinetic energy of water causes hydrogen bonds to break and water molecules escape into air as gas.

22
Q

Water as a solid

A

Temperature is lowered and a crystalline structure is maintained

23
Q

Heat capacity

A

Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree Celsius.

24
Q

What does high heat capacity mean for water?

A

It takes a long time for water to heat up and a long time for it to cool down!

25
Q

Heat of Vaporization (is water’s heat of vaporization high or low?)

A

The amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas. (water has a high heat of vaporization)

26
Q

As a solvent, what molecules can dissolve in water? What bonds do they form?

A

Ions and Polar molecules dissolve in water and can also form hydrogen bonds.

27
Q

What are solutes?

A

The compounds dissolved or mixed in with water/solvents.

28
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water molecules at the liquid-gas interface stick together due to hydrogen bonding. (also allows for the development of surface tension)

29
Q

What is surface tension

A

Capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress.

30
Q

Adhesion

A

An attraction between water molecules and other molecules.

31
Q

Acidic is a solution with…

A

a high concentration of H+ and a pH of less than 7

32
Q

Alkaline (basic) is a solution with…

A

a high concentration of OH- and a pH of more than 7

33
Q

Carbon is a key component of which macromolecules?

A

All 4 of them (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.) Carbon is the “backbone” of macromolecules

34
Q

Why is carbon unique?

A

if can form covalent bonds with up to 4 different molecules because it has 4 valence electrons. (filling all 4 bonds allows carbon to achieve an octet)

35
Q

What elements are hydrocarbons made of?

A

Carbon + Hydrogen :)

36
Q

Covalent bonds between atoms in hydrocarbons store energy. What is released when the covalent bonds break when these hydrocarbons are burned?

A

Energy is released that heats our homes and powers our cars.

37
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but differ in placement/arrangement of atoms or types of bonds between atoms.

38
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Have a different covalent arrangement of atoms.

39
Q

What are geometric isomers

A

Have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond.

40
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Molecules that share chemical formula and bonds but differ in 3D placement of atoms. (mirror images)

41
Q

What fatty acids are saturated?

A

Fatty acids with no double bond.

42
Q

What fatty acids are unsaturated?

A

Fatty acids with double bonds.

43
Q

What does trans configuration mean?

A

Carbons are on opposite sides of a double bond.

44
Q

What does cis configuration mean?

A

Carbons are on the same side of double bond.

45
Q

What are functional groups? How do they interact?

A

Groups of atoms within a molecule that confer consistent specific properties to these molecules. Functional groups interact with other functional groups through hydrogen bonds.

46
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds between functional groups important?

A

Hydrogen bonds between functional groups helps stabilize biological molecules and allows them to perform their biological function.

47
Q

Ionic and covalent bonds require what to break?

A

Energy

48
Q

What are hydrogen bonds? Use partial negative charges in your answer.

A

Interaction between the partial positive charge of hydrogen and partial negative charge of a more electronegative atom on another molecule (often occurs between water molecules)

49
Q

What are Van Der Waals interactions?

A

Weak attractions or interactions between 2 or more molecules (in close proximity) due to changes in electron density. (weaker bonds)

50
Q

Why is water the most critical molecule for life on Earth?

A

It is a polar molecule and it can form hydrogen bonds.

AP Biology (2 decks)

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