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chemistry (please send help) Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Dmitri Mendeleev?

A

A scientist who organised the elements of the periodic table by atomic mass leaving room for undiscovered elements and predicting their properties based on their locations on the periodic table.

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2
Q

What are the groups in the periodic table?

A

vertical rows in the periodic table which show the number of valence electrons for each element.

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3
Q

The further down you go in a group…

A

…the greater the reactivity

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4
Q

What are the periods in the periodic table?

A

Horizontal rows going across the table telling you the number of shells each element has.

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5
Q

How many groups and periods are in the periodic table

A

18 groups and 7 periods

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6
Q

what are the three different blocks in the periodic table?

A

metal
non-metals
metalloids

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7
Q

what are at least three characteristics of metals?

A
  1. malleable
  2. ductile (can be drawn out into long thin wire)
  3. good conductors of heat and electricity
  4. high melting and boiling points
  5. are shiny
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8
Q

what are at least three characteristics of non-metals?

A
  1. brittle
  2. dull
  3. have low melting and boiling points
  4. poor conductors of heat and electricity
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9
Q

what are metalloids?

A

in between metals and non-metals; tend to look like metals but behave like non-metals.

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10
Q

Describe the composition of an atom

A

Proton (positive)
Neutrons (neutral) - in nucleus
electrons (negative) outer shells

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11
Q

what is the role of each subatomic particle in an atom?

A

protons and neutrons have opposite charges and attract. neutrons release a neutral charge which stabilizes the atom

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12
Q

what is the relative atom mass of each subatomic particle?

A

proton - 1
neutron - 1
electron - 1/1840

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13
Q

describe the electron arrangement for both light and heavy elements

A

heavy elements - 2, 8, 18, 32
light elements - 2, 8
atoms aim to fill their outermost shells (8 electrons based on the octet rule)

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14
Q

define electron configuration

A

the placement of electrons in the outer shells of an atom

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15
Q

what happens to metals when bonding?

A

metals tend to loose electrons to have a full outermost shell and gain a positive charge. (cations)

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16
Q

what happens to non-metals when bonding?

A

non-metals tend to gain electrons to fill their outermost shell giving them a negative charge. (anions)

17
Q

define reactivity

A

the reactivity of an atom is determined by its willingness to gain or loose electrons.

18
Q

explain ionic bonding

A

positively charged cations are attracted to negatively charged anions - this attraction is ionic bonding.

19
Q

explain covalent bonding

A

when two non-metals bond neither element wants to loose electrons so both elements form a molecule by sharing electrons

20
Q

describe the characteristics of group 1 elements

A
  1. alkali metals
  2. soft and low density
  3. highly reactive due to one valence electron
  4. react well with group 17 elements forming salts
  5. reacts violently with water
21
Q

describe the characteristics of group 2 elements

A
  1. alkaline metals
  2. shiny silvery white
  3. low melting and boiling points
  4. reactive (not as reactive as group 1)
  5. react with group 17 forming metal salts
22
Q

describe the characteristics of group 17 elements

A
  1. halogens
  2. mostly gas at room temperature (one liquid one solid)
  3. become darker going down the group
  4. react with other substances to gain an electron to fill valence shell
23
Q

describe the characteristics of group 18 elements

A
  1. Nobel gases
  2. colorless and odorless
  3. very unreactive
24
Q

define monatomic

A

generally metallic elements which exist as individual atoms

25
Q

define diatomic

A

generally non-metals which exist naturally as two atoms bonded together

26
Q

how is plastic made?

A

using crude oil

27
Q

how is plastic made

A

from joining particles called monomers forming a huge particle known as polymer (polymerization)

28
Q

what is the most common from of plastic and how is it made?

A

polyethene - made from reacting ethene with monomers from crude oil

29
Q

what happens to monomers in a high temperature pressure reaction with a catalyst?

A

the two carbon atoms break their double bond and attach to other monomers forming polymers.

30
Q

what is the formula for calculating a reaction rate?

A

reaction rate = quantity of reactant used up / time
or
reaction rate = quantity of product formed / time

31
Q

what are the six factors which affect chemical reactions ?

A

concentration
temperature
stirring (agitation)
surface area
pressure
catalysts

32
Q

why do these factors affect reaction rates?

A

effecting the frequency and efficiency of particle collisions

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