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Chemistry GCSE > Chemistry paper 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rate of reaction practical : gas

A

Dilute hydrochloric acid + Magnesium ribbon
Do on top of scales

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2
Q

Rate of reaction practical : precipitate

A

Dilute sodium thiosulfate + Dilute hydrochloric acid
Do on top of a cross

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3
Q

Equilibrium meaning

A

The point in a reversible reaction at which the forward and backward rate of reaction are the same.

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4
Q

Temp increase on equilibrium

A

Equilibrium moves towards endothermic side to try to decrease it. More products from endothermic direction.

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5
Q

Temp decrease on equilibrium

A

Equilibrium moves towards exothermic side to increase temperature. More products from exothermic side.

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6
Q

Increasing pressure on equilibrium

A

Moves in direction with less molecules of gas

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7
Q

Decreasing pressure on equilibrium

A

Moves in direction with more gas molecules

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8
Q

Increasing conc. of reactants on equilibrium

A

Makes more products

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9
Q

Decreasing conc. of products on equilibrium

A

Makes more products

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10
Q

Homologous series

A

Group of organic compounds that react the same way

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11
Q

The longer a hydrocarbon chain…

A

The more viscous
The higher the boiling point
The less flammable

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12
Q

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide + water

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13
Q

Long hydrocarbons in the fractionating column

A

Condense back into liquids at the bottom

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14
Q

Short hydrocarbons in the fractionating column

A

Condense further up the column

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15
Q

Catalytic cracking

A
  • Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vapourise
  • Pass vapour over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
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16
Q

Steam cracking

A
  • Vapourise the long chain hydrocarbons
  • Mix with steam
  • Heat to a very high temperature
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17
Q

Products of cracking

A

Shorter chain hydrocarbon + alkene

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18
Q

Alkene + oxygen

A

water + carbon monoxide + soot

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19
Q

Hydrogenation of an alkene

A

Addition of hydrogen - 150°C and nickel catalyst

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20
Q

Steam + alkene

A

Passed over a phosphoric acid catalyst to make an alcohol
300°C and 70 atm

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21
Q

Alkene + halogen

A

(They react with halogens)
Ethene + bromine makes dibromoethane

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22
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Add bromine water - solution turns colourless

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23
Q

Petrol and diesel

A

Fuel cars

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24
Q

Kerosene

A

Jet fuel

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25
Q

Heavy fuel oil

A

fuels ships

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26
Q

Liquified petroleum gas

A

Camping stoves

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27
Q

uses of alcohols

A

Fuels, Solvents, Beverages

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28
Q

Fermentation of glucose

A

conditions - Yeast + 37°C + anaerobic
makes - ethanol + carbon dioxide

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29
Q

The longer an alcohol chain…

A

The less soluble it is in water

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30
Q

Alcohol + sodium

A

sodium alcoxide + hydrogen

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31
Q

Alcohol + oxidising agent

A

Carboxylic acid + water

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32
Q

Alcohol added to water

A

Soluble in water and form neutral solutions

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33
Q

Carboxylic acids functional group

A

COOH functional group

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34
Q

Carboxylic acids in water

A

weak acids - partially ionise

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35
Q

ethanoic acid + metal carbonate

A

Metal ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

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36
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol

A

Ester (e.g. ethyl ethanoate) + water

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37
Q

Addition polymers

A

Adding together many small, identical molecules called monomers
Monomers are alkenes

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38
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Involves monomers with different functional groups
When the monomers join together they lose a small molecule e.g. water

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39
Q

Amino acids functional groups

A

Have an amine and carboxylic acid group

40
Q

Amino acids condensation polymerisation

A

Form polypeptides

41
Q

DNA structure

A
  • Two polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides
  • ATGC
  • Polymer chains wrap around around each other to form a double helix
42
Q

What monomers make up proteins?

A

Amino acids

43
Q

What monomers make up starch?

A

Glucose

44
Q

What monomers make up cellulose?

A

Glucose

45
Q

Formulation

A

a complex mixture that has been designed as a useful product

46
Q

Examples of formulations

A

Medicine, cleaning products, fuels

47
Q

Chromatography stationary phase

A

paper

48
Q

Chromatography mobile phase

A

solvent

49
Q

Testing for hydrogen

A

Burning splint - squeaky pop

50
Q

Testing for oxygen

A

Glowing splint - relights

51
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

Bubble gas through limewater - limewater becomes cloudy

52
Q

Test for chlorine

A

Damp litmus paper gets bleached

53
Q

Lithium ions

A

Crimson flame

54
Q

Sodium ions

A

Yellow flame

55
Q

Potassium ions

A

Lilac flame

56
Q

Calcium ions

A

Orange-red flame

57
Q

Copper ions

A

Green flame

58
Q

Testing for magnesium, calcium or aluminium ions

A

add Sodium hydroxide - white precipitate

59
Q

Aluminium ions

A

Adding excess sodium hydroxide dissolves the precipitate

60
Q

Copper(II) ions

A

add Sodium hydroxide - blue precipitate

61
Q

Iron(II) ions

A

Add sodium hydroxide - green precipitate

62
Q

Iron(III) ions

A

Add sodium hydroxide - brown precipitate

63
Q

Testing for carbonate ions

A

Add a dilute acid - fizzing - bubble through limewater

64
Q

Testing for halide ions

A

Dilute nitric acid + dilute silver nitrate
Produce precipitate
chloride - white
bromide - cream
iodid - yellow

65
Q

Testing for sulfate ions

A

Dilute hydrochloric acid + barium chloride solution
white precipitate

66
Q

Protection from corrosion

A

Galvanising, painting, sacrificial protection, lubrication, aluminium surface

67
Q

High carbon steel

A

Hard and brittle - cutting tools

68
Q

Low carbon steel

A

Softer and more easily shaped - car bodies

69
Q

Stainless steel

A

Chromium and nickel

70
Q

Soda-lime glass

A

Sand, Sodium carbonate, Limestone

71
Q

Borosilicate Glass

A

sand and boron trioxide

72
Q

Composite

A

Made of two materials - matrix and reinforcement

73
Q

To change the properties of a polymer..

A

change the reaction temperature, reaction pressure, or catalyst

74
Q

Thermosoftening polymers

A

Melt when heated - held by intermolecular forces which can break

75
Q

Thermosetting polymers

A

Don’t melt when heated - polymer chains held by strong crosslinks

76
Q

Conditions for haber process

A

450°C and 200 atm

77
Q

Ammonium phosphate

A

Phosphate rock + nitric acid makes phosphoric acid which is neutralised with ammonia -> ammonium phosphate

78
Q

Bronze made up of…

A

Copper and tin

79
Q

Brass made up of…

A

Copper and zinc

80
Q

Fibreglass made up of…

A

Fibres of glass embedded in matrix of polymer

81
Q

Carbon fibre composite made up of…

A

Fibres of carbon and matrix of plastic resin

82
Q

Effluent on top

A

Aerobic digestion

83
Q

Sludge on bottom

A

Anaerobic digestion

84
Q

After being treated, effluent can be…

A

released back into environment

85
Q

After being treated, sludge can be…

A

methane for natural gas
sludge used for fertiliser

86
Q

Natural gas made from…

A

Deposits of plankton

87
Q

Crude oil made from…

A

Deposits of plankton

88
Q

Coal made from…

A

Thick plant deposits

89
Q

Limestone made from…

A

Calcium carbonate - deposits of shells and skeletons of marine organisms

90
Q

Bioleaching

A

Bacteria break down ores and produce Leachate solutions which contains the desired metal

91
Q

Single superphosphate

A

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid

92
Q

Triple Superphosphate

A

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

93
Q

Where does potassium in NPK come from?

A

Potassium chloride or potassium sulfate

94
Q

Aluminium alloys

A

Low density - used in airplane bodies

95
Q

Ammonia + nitric acid

A

ammonium nitrate

Chemistry GCSE (2 decks)

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