- Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vapourise - Pass vapour over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst

- Vapourise the long chain hydrocarbons - Mix with steam - Heat to a very high temperature

Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards by Yasmin <3

Rate of reaction practical : gas

Dilute hydrochloric acid + Magnesium ribbon
Do on top of scales

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rate of reaction practical : precipitate

Dilute sodium thiosulfate + Dilute hydrochloric acid
Do on top of a cross

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Equilibrium meaning

The point in a reversible reaction at which the forward and backward rate of reaction are the same.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Temp increase on equilibrium

Equilibrium moves towards endothermic side to try to decrease it. More products from endothermic direction.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Temp decrease on equilibrium

Equilibrium moves towards exothermic side to increase temperature. More products from exothermic side.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increasing pressure on equilibrium

Moves in direction with less molecules of gas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decreasing pressure on equilibrium

Moves in direction with more gas molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increasing conc. of reactants on equilibrium

Makes more products

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decreasing conc. of products on equilibrium

Makes more products

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Homologous series

Group of organic compounds that react the same way

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The longer a hydrocarbon chain…

The more viscous
The higher the boiling point
The less flammable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long hydrocarbons in the fractionating column

Condense back into liquids at the bottom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Short hydrocarbons in the fractionating column

Condense further up the column

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Catalytic cracking

Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vapourise
Pass vapour over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Steam cracking

Vapourise the long chain hydrocarbons
Mix with steam
Heat to a very high temperature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Products of cracking

Shorter chain hydrocarbon + alkene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alkene + oxygen

water + carbon monoxide + soot

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hydrogenation of an alkene

Addition of hydrogen - 150°C and nickel catalyst

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Steam + alkene

Passed over a phosphoric acid catalyst to make an alcohol
300°C and 70 atm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alkene + halogen

(They react with halogens)
Ethene + bromine makes dibromoethane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Test for alkenes

Add bromine water - solution turns colourless

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Petrol and diesel

Fuel cars

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kerosene

Jet fuel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heavy fuel oil

fuels ships

Liquified petroleum gas

Camping stoves

uses of alcohols

Fuels, Solvents, Beverages

Fermentation of glucose

conditions - Yeast + 37°C + anaerobic makes - ethanol + carbon dioxide

The longer an alcohol chain...

The less soluble it is in water

Alcohol + sodium

sodium alcoxide + hydrogen

Alcohol + oxidising agent

Carboxylic acid + water

Alcohol added to water

Soluble in water and form neutral solutions

Carboxylic acids functional group

COOH functional group

Carboxylic acids in water

weak acids - partially ionise

ethanoic acid + metal carbonate

Metal ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

Carboxylic acid + alcohol

Ester (e.g. ethyl ethanoate) + water

Addition polymers

Adding together many small, identical molecules called monomers Monomers are alkenes

Condensation polymerisation

Involves monomers with different functional groups When the monomers join together they lose a small molecule e.g. water

Amino acids functional groups

Have an amine and carboxylic acid group

Amino acids condensation polymerisation

Form polypeptides

DNA structure

- Two polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides - ATGC - Polymer chains wrap around around each other to form a double helix

What monomers make up proteins?

Amino acids

What monomers make up starch?

Glucose

What monomers make up cellulose?

Glucose

Formulation

a complex mixture that has been designed as a useful product

Examples of formulations

Medicine, cleaning products, fuels

Chromatography stationary phase

paper

Chromatography mobile phase

solvent

Testing for hydrogen

Burning splint - squeaky pop

Testing for oxygen

Glowing splint - relights

Test for carbon dioxide

Bubble gas through limewater - limewater becomes cloudy

Test for chlorine

Damp litmus paper gets bleached

Lithium ions

Crimson flame

Sodium ions

Yellow flame

Potassium ions

Lilac flame

Calcium ions

Orange-red flame

Copper ions

Green flame

Testing for magnesium, calcium or aluminium ions

add Sodium hydroxide - white precipitate

Aluminium ions

Adding excess sodium hydroxide dissolves the precipitate

Copper(II) ions

add Sodium hydroxide - blue precipitate

Iron(II) ions

Add sodium hydroxide - green precipitate

Iron(III) ions

Add sodium hydroxide - brown precipitate

Testing for carbonate ions

Add a dilute acid - fizzing - bubble through limewater

Testing for halide ions

Dilute nitric acid + dilute silver nitrate Produce precipitate chloride - white bromide - cream iodid - yellow

Testing for sulfate ions

Dilute hydrochloric acid + barium chloride solution white precipitate

Protection from corrosion

Galvanising, painting, sacrificial protection, lubrication, aluminium surface

High carbon steel

Hard and brittle - cutting tools

Low carbon steel

Softer and more easily shaped - car bodies

Stainless steel

Chromium and nickel

Soda-lime glass

Sand, Sodium carbonate, Limestone

Borosilicate Glass

sand and boron trioxide

Composite

Made of two materials - matrix and reinforcement

To change the properties of a polymer..

change the reaction temperature, reaction pressure, or catalyst

Thermosoftening polymers

Melt when heated - held by intermolecular forces which can break

Thermosetting polymers

Don't melt when heated - polymer chains held by strong crosslinks

Conditions for haber process

450°C and 200 atm

Ammonium phosphate

Phosphate rock + nitric acid makes phosphoric acid which is neutralised with ammonia -> ammonium phosphate

Bronze made up of...

Copper and tin

Brass made up of...

Copper and zinc

Fibreglass made up of...

Fibres of glass embedded in matrix of polymer

Carbon fibre composite made up of...

Fibres of carbon and matrix of plastic resin

Effluent on top

Aerobic digestion

Sludge on bottom

Anaerobic digestion

After being treated, effluent can be...

released back into environment

After being treated, sludge can be...

methane for natural gas sludge used for fertiliser

Natural gas made from...

Deposits of plankton

Crude oil made from...

Deposits of plankton

Coal made from...

Thick plant deposits

Limestone made from...

Calcium carbonate - deposits of shells and skeletons of marine organisms

Bioleaching

Bacteria break down ores and produce Leachate solutions which contains the desired metal

Single superphosphate

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid

Triple Superphosphate

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

Where does potassium in NPK come from?

Potassium chloride or potassium sulfate

Aluminium alloys

Low density - used in airplane bodies

Ammonia + nitric acid

ammonium nitrate