Chemistry Paper 1 & 2 Flashcards
Element
substance made up of only 1 atom that all have same no. of protons
2,8,8,2
Compound
Contain 2 or more elements chemically combined
Mixture
Consists of 2 or more elements or compounds not
chemically combined together.
Particles
Protons- mass: 1, charge: +1
Neutrons-mass:1, charge: 0
Electrons- mass: very small, charge: -1
Mixtures can be separated by…
Filtration- separate insoluble solid from liquid.
Crystallization- separate soluble solid from liquid. water will evaporate.
Simple distillation- evaporate the liquid by heating, condense liquid back to a vapor by cooling
Fractional distillation- separate a mixture of different liquids, and they must have different boiling point.
evaporated solvent and collecting
Paper chromatography- different substances have different solubilities.
Isotopes
Same no. of protons, different number of neutrons
John Dalton
Solid sphere, can’t be created/ destroyed. Were arranged in atomic weight.
JJ Thomson
Plum pudding model
Positively charged sphere
Negatively charged electron
Whole atoms is neutral
Rutherford
Alpha particles went straight through gold foil, however some deflected (changed direction), reflected meaning atom wasn’t empty.
-The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
-nucleus is positively charged
-most of the atom was empty space.
-mass concentrated at the centre
Niels Bohr
Electrons exist in shells, at specific distances.
James Chadwick
Nucleus contains of neutrons and protons.
Describe three other differences between the nuclear model of the atom and the plum pudding model.
-in nuclear, the atom is mostly empty space.
-the positive charge is all in the nucleus in nuclear, in the plum pudding model the atom is a ball of positive charge with embedded electrons.
-the mass is concentrated in the nucleus, in the plum pudding model the mass is spread out.
Why is electrons with less shells less reactive?
Outer electrons are closer to nucleus
Greater attraction between nucleus and electrons
More energy needed to remove electrons, more difficult
Groups ( 8 groups)
Rows , eg Li, Na, K.
No. of electrons outer shell
meaning similar chemical properties.
Periods (7 periods)
Columns, eg, Li, Be, B, C
no. of shells
Group names
Group 1- alkali , more reactive as they go down.
Group 2- alkaline
Middle- Transition metals
Group 7- Halogens, less reactive as you go down
Group 8- Noble gases, they are unreactive and do not easily form molecules because they have eight electrons in their outer shell, which are stable.
Metals and Non metals
Metals always form positive ion.
Group 0
Noble gases
Colorless gas! Non flammable.
They are unreactive as they have a full outer energy shell.
The boiling points of the noble gases increase with going down the group, as relative masses increase.
Group 1
Alkali metals and have similar chemical properties, as they have single electron in their outer shell.
Low density, increases when going down.
In Group 1, the reactivity increases going down the group, loses its electron more easily, as its further away from nucleus.
React with water-> produces hydrogen gas, and form hydroxides that dissolve in water to give alkaline solutions
React with chlorine-> produces salt, form white salts, called sodium chloride.
React with oxygen-> metal oxides
Low density, soft
Low melting boiling points. Reactions are vigorous
Group 7
Halogens
Colored vapours,
Fluorine is a very reactive, poisonous yellow gas.
Chlorine is a fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas.
Bromine is a dense, poisonous, red-brown volatile liquid. lodine is a dark grey crystalline solid or a purple vapour.
In Group 7, the more down you go in group an element is the higher its relative mass (molecules get bigger), melting point and boiling point, increases.
Going down group 7:
the atoms become larger
the outer shell becomes further from the nucleus
the force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell decreases
an outer electron is gained less easily
the halogen becomes less reactive
Higher relative mass
flouride, chloride
Oxidation and Reduction equations
Oxidation: Al–> Al3+ +3e-
Reduction: O + 2e- –> O2-
Acids, neutral, Alkaline
Acids- 1-6, red, orange, yellow
Neutral- 7, dark green
Alkaline- 8-14, purple, blue
Ions
Formed when atoms lose (positive ions) or gain electrons (negative ions)
Ionic bonding
Oppositely charged ions
Held by electrostatic forces in a giant lattice.
Metals and non metals
High melting/boiling points
Only conduct electricity when dissolved in water, as ions are free to move.