Chemistry Paper 1 Flashcards
What are atoms
Atoms cannot be broken down chemically
What can atoms turn into
Ions when an atoms loses or gains an electron
What is a compound
2 or more atoms chemically combined together
What is a mixture
2 or more atoms not chemically combined
Which practical separates a mixtures properties
Chromatography in this practical you will filter paper with a dot of the mixture a cm above the water line the paper is dipped in the water the water is drawn up the paper due to capillary action drags particles of the mixture up the highest up are the lightest particles draw with a pencil where the water ends and a dot where the ink stops retention factor rf value solute the mixture distance divided by the solvent the water distance
Which practice removes in soluble particles
Filtration for example removes sand from water filter paper in a funnel put the substance in and the water should drip thorough leaving insoluble particles behind
Which practical removes solute from a solvent like salt from water
Distillation heat the mixture and then we recondense it using a condensing tube which has cold water running on the outisde then the water gets collected ina beaker leaving the salt behind
What does the group number say about the elements
How many electrons they have
What does the row number tell us
The period tells us how many outer shells it has
Transition metals get
A higher melting point and get heavier further down
Metals do what
Lose electrons so they are positive
Non metals do what
Gain electron so they are negative
Group 1 is called
Alkali metals whihc get more reactive as u go down because the outer electrons get further from the nucleus so less energy is required to remove that electron from the atom react with water to make an alkali solution
Group 7 is called
The halogens get less reactive as the outer electron gets further from the nucleus it’s harder to gain a an electorn
Group 8 or 0 is
These are noble gasses do not react because they have a full outer shell- very in reactive
Atomic number is
The number of protons
The atomic mass number is
The number of protons and neutrons
Ionic bonding is
Between non metal and metal the metal becomes positive and non metals become negative mg = group 2 and is a metal mg+2 since it has to lose 2 cl- chlorine group 7 needs to gain 1 so it’s negative one charge
The drawing of ionic bonding
The metal remains in brackets with no electrons drawn whilst the non metal is show with crosses it’s originals electrons either a dot as it’s gained and a +2 charge on the metal with a 2 next to the non metal or how many was needed for the metal to give
Ionic bonding structure
Lattice structure high melting and boiling point can conduct electrify when molten because the electrons are free to move
Covalent bonding is
Non metals bond with other non metals they do not share they share electrons and depending on how many electrons it needs depends on how many covalent bonds it forms
Simple covalent bonds
Methane ch4 has 1 carbon and 4 hydrogens connected to it whihc connect all around it in a diagram draw them as bubbles and surround the one atom with the others on the inside drawing the electrons give and taken for and cross together should Match how many electron in total they have
Giant covalent bonds
3d pyramid that repeats to form a giant molecule
Allotropes of carbon
Diamond 3d pyramid that repeats graphites carbons are in heaxagonal has 3 carbons each bond has delocalised electrons which form weak layers so t can slide over eachother fullerene made up of 60 carbons forms a nanotube used as lubricant cause they can slide over eachother easily
Metallic bonding
Atoms form a lattic metals and metals ions surrounded by delocalised electrons free to move this is why electrons can conduct electricity
Polymers are
Long chain of monomers carbon based molecules methane ethane polytheren poly missy ion happens with high pressure to force together and a catalyst need unsatudrated bond double bonded catalyyyst reduce the activation energy needed
Development of periodic table
John dalton ordered elements in order of atomic weight newlamds grouped elements that have similar properties Mendeleev put them in columns as rows
Metal * oxygen
Metal oxide
Metal + oxygen
Metal oxide oxidation
Metal or metal oxide + water
Metal hydroxide + hydrogen
Acid + metal hydroxide
Salt + water
How to break things down I
Thermal decomposition heating something displacement more reactive metal will displace less reactive metal can also be used to extract metals
Iron + oxygen iron oxide rust
