Chemistry Organic

Question 1

ester naming

Answer 1

-oate is the carboxylic acid part (+1 because of -COOH carbon)

Question 2

optical isomers

Answer 2

non-superimposable mirror images

Question 3

gas chromatography how to work out concentration

Answer 3

calibration curve - create standard solutions (x) and plot against relative peak integration areas (y)

Question 4

why is TMS a good standard?

Answer 4

common, all 12 hydrogens have same environment so produces 1 very sharp peak on the right of most others

Question 5

D2O

Answer 5

removes NH2 and OH peaks on NMR because the deuterium replaces hydrogen

Question 6

Tollen’s reagent

Answer 6

RCHO + [O] -> RCOOH
only aldehyde to silver mirror (and methanoic acid)

Question 7

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Answer 7

6 reducing agents, produces 2 water
Sn/conc HCl
add NaOH after

Question 8

alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 8

sodium halide, sulfuric acid

Question 9

aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

Answer 9

NaBH4, 2 reducing agents in reaction

Question 10

haloalkane to amine

Answer 10

ethanolic ammonia

Question 11

haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 11

ethanolic cyanide ion

Question 12

nitrile/hydroxynitrile to amine

Answer 12

hydrogen, nickel catalyst OR
LiAlH4, dilute acid (4 reducing agents in reaction)

Question 13

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 13

SOCl2

Question 14

ketone/aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Answer 14

NaCN, acid

Question 15

nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 15

heat, water, HCl

Question 16

heterolytic fission

Answer 16

all to one, ions

Question 17

alkene to alcohol

Answer 17

steam, 300C, 70atm, phosphoric(V) acid catalyst

Question 18

C-X bond strength

Answer 18

weaker down group (more reactive), test with hydrolysis (nucleophilic substitution with water) and silver nitrate

Question 19

overall ozone breakdown

Answer 19

O3 + O -> 2O2

Question 20

ozone breakdown steps

Answer 20

R + O3 -> RO + O2
RO + O -> R + O2

Question 21

Kekule reasons why wrong

Answer 21

enthalpy of hydrogenation less exothermic, more stable
bond lengths between single and double, all the same (X-ray diffraction)

Question 22

2,4-DNP

Answer 22

C=O, orange precipitate, melting point can be determined and compared to database to identify compound (precip. is carbonyl derivative)

Question 23

phenol test

Answer 23

1. add solid NaOH, will dissolve
2. add solid carbonate (Na), nothing happens
   weak acid nature

Question 24

organic solids

Answer 24

minimum hot solvent, cool, then ice bath
- impurities stay in solution, soluble in hot solvent but not cold
filter under reduced pressure, wash cold solvent

Question 25

organic liquids

Answer 25

separating funnel, remove acid impurities with sodium carbonate, let pressure out
drying agent, filter out
redistill