Chemistry of Living Things Flashcards
Naming ionic compounds: metal and non-metal
Write metal first, then non-metal suffix “-ide” (E.g. Lithium Fluoride)
Naming covalent compounds: non-metal and non-metal
Name non-metal furthest to the left on the periodic table, then name other non-metal using suffix “-ide”
How do ionic compounds work?
Metals and non-metals react because the electrons lost by the metal are gained by the non-metal.
How do covalent compounds work?
Since both non-metals need to gain electrons, they share the electrons instead.
Combustion (differences)
Fuel + Oxygen —> Water + Carbon dioxide
- uncontrolled chemical process
- occurs outside living cells or systems
- released in form of heat (can also produce light and sounds - explosive)
- high temperatures
- energy released in one step
- very fast reaction rate
Respiration (differences)
- controlled biochemical process
- occurs in living cells to release energy
- less than half of energy is released as heat
- temperature cannot rise beyond control or it can damage cell
- energy released in multiple stores with different biochemical reactions
- slow reaction rate (controlled by enzymes)
- energy released in form of ATP
Similarities between combustion and respiration
- chemically the same process
- both require oxygen and fuel
- both produce energy and carbon dioxide as products
- both are exothermic
Digestion definition
Involves physical and chemical reactions which break down large compounds into smaller chemicals which can be used by the body
Mechanical (physical) digestion definition
- Physically breaks down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion (Increases surface area of food molecules)
Chemical digestion definition
- Breaks down large food molecules into chemical building blocks to be absorbed by the body using acids and enzymes
Amylase (Food group, Location, Broken down into)
Food group: Carbohydrates
Location: Mouth, Pancreas
Broken down into: Simple sugars
Lipases (Food group, Location, Broken down into)
Food group: Lipids
Location: Small intestine
Broken down into: Fatty acids + glycerol
Proteases (Food group, Location, Broken down into)
Food group: Protein
Location: Stomach
Broken down into: Amino acids
Respiratory system: function
- Allows oxygen to enter the body
- Inhaled through trachea into lungs, entering the bloodstream
- Oxygen delivered to cells essential for respiration to occur
Digestive system: function
- Breaks complex carbohydrates from food into simpler molecules (glucose)
- Glucose enters cells and goes through series of reactions to release energy for our body to function
Circulatory system: function
- Transports oxygen and nutrients into cells and removes waste products
- Once oxygen is inhaled and glucose absorbed, oxygen rich blood and glucose from digestive system are pumped by the heart to cells throughout the body
Excretory system: function
- Responsible for removing waste products from the body
- Carbon dioxide transported back to lungs by the circulatory system and removed from body during exhalation
- Also removed liquids in form of water, urine, and sweat
Coordination system flowchart
Stimulus: Change in environment
Receptor: Specialised cell which detects stimulus
SENSORY NEURON
Coordinator: Part of body which coordinates response
MOTOR NEURON
Effector: Part of body which produces a response
Response: Change in the body
Central nervous system (CNS) function
- Spinal cord and brain
- Receives, processes, and responds to sensory information
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) function
- Spinal cord and nerves outside of brain
- Sends information from parts of body to brain
- Carries out commands from brain back to parts of body
How do nervous and endocrine system work together?
Through homeostasis (regulating the body) by maintaining stable conditions in our bodies
- Allows quick and long lasting responses to occur
- Nervous system detects stimulus and they both work together to produce a response.
Pituitary gland (hormone released and it’s role)
Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Tells body what to do and tells other glands to release hormones
Thyroid gland (hormone released and it’s role)
Thyroxine
- Growth and development
Adrenal gland (hormone released and it’s role)
Adrenaline
- Reflexes and quick movement during dangerous situations
Pancreas
Insulin
- Regulates blood glucose levels
