chemistry of life part 2 {module 2} Flashcards
more elaboration haha
The main classes of organic compounds are ().
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic molecules are built from smaller subunits.
We call these small units building blocks or (). These () are generally carbon atoms, bonded to something else.
monomers
several monomers bound together are called ()
polymers
Carbohydrates consist of the elements ()
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
All carbohydrates are made up of monomers called ()
monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides are ()
glucose, fructose, and galactose
When two monosaccharides bond together by glycosidic bonds, they form a ()
disaccharide
() = glucose + fructose
() = glucose + glucose
()= glucose + galactose
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Many monosaccharides together form a () Examples of () are glycogen, starch, and cellulose. These take a lot longer to break down because they consist of long chains of monosaccharides. All () are made up of glucose monomers. It is the arrangement of the monomers that give the different () their structure and, therefore, function.
polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are referred to as ()
complex carbohydrates.
The main function of carbohydrates is ()
energy storage
() is the main source of energy for all life forms
Carbohydrates
Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of starch. Iodine solution will:
turn a () colour in the presence of starch.
remain () colour in the absence of starch.
blue-black
yellow-brown
Schultz’s solution is used to test for the presence of cellulose. The solution will:
turn () in the presence of cellulose.
remain an () in the absence of cellulose
purple
orange-brown colour
We use Benedict’s solution or Fehling’s Test to test for the presence of reducing sugars (glucose).
Both solutions contain copper sulphate and will:
turn () in the presence of reducing sugars, such as glucose.
remain () in the absence of reducing sugars.
red-brown
blue
Lipids, which are your fats and oils, similar to carbohydrates contain, () Some lipids, called phospholipids, also contain ()
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
phosphorus
The most common type of lipid is triglycerides. Triglycerides are made up of ()
three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
elaborate the functions of lipids
Lipids are a very important energy reserve source. When a triglyceride is broken down, it releases glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol can be converted into glucose, which is a great source of energy. Most of the energy released from a triglyceride, however, comes when the fatty acid chains are broken down.
Lipids help insulate the body’s organs against shock and also help with temperature regulation.
Lipids also play a vital role in the formation of cell membranes.
Some of the fatty acids contain essential nutrients, which the body does not produce itself, and, therefore, small amounts need to be consumed. Interestingly enough, nonessential fatty acids can be produced in the body from other compounds. Eating your broccoli with a little bit of butter or oil, will help with the absorption of the B vitamins into your digestive tract.
Lipids are also important in transporting and digesting and aiding in the absorption of vitamins in the body.
Lipids can be divided into saturated and unsaturated lipids.
elaborate on this
Saturated lipids are mainly found in foods from animals and are solids at room temperature. Examples include: lard and butter.
Unsaturated lipids are mainly found in foods from plants and are liquid at room temperature. Examples include: olive oil, sunflower oil and margarine.
Cholesterol is an organic chemical substance known as a ()
sterol
() carries cholesterol through the body. () is a combination of fats and proteins.
Lipoprotein
() have a higher proportion of cholesterol relative to protein. It is often considered “bad” cholesterol because it has been associated with heart disease, however, recent studies are starting to challenge that.
Low-density lipoproteins
() are the smallest of lipoproteins. It has a higher proportion of protein relative to cholesterol and is, therefore, considered “good” cholesterol. HDL transports cholesterol to the liver (away from the cells), where it is broken down and removed as waste.
High-density lipoproteins
() are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and may also contain other elements such as Iron (Fe), Phosphorus (P), and Sulphur (S).
Proteins
The building blocks or monomers of proteins are (). There are about 20 () which all proteins are made up of. Nine of these () are considered essential, this is because the body cannot make them and therefore need to be consumed from our diets.
amino acids
Amino acids bond together by () to form peptides. Proteins are formed from long chains of (), which fold in very specific three-dimensional shapes
peptide bonds
gimme the key roles of proteins
Proteins found in hair, nails, skin, bone, muscle, ligaments, and tendons perform key structural and mechanical functions.
Proteins are also important in cell communication and the immune system.
Proteins can act as energy reserves when broken down.
Certain proteins are called enzymes. We will discuss enzymes in more detail later in this lesson.
Proteins are essential to our diet. A lack of protein can lead to deficiency diseases such as marasmus (caused by a general nutrient deficiency- starvation) and kwashiorkor (caused by a deficiency of protein)
The Biuret test tests specifically for peptide bonds and will:
turn () in the presence of a peptide bond
remain () in the absence of a peptide bond
violet to purple
blue
Millon’s reagent reacts with the tyrosine amino acids (commonly found in proteins) and will:
turn () in the presence of tyrosine amino acids.
remain () in the absence of tyrosine amino acids
reddish-brown|
white or cream
() are protein molecules made up of long chains of amino acids
Enzymes
Enzymes are (), this means that they speed up the rate of a reaction, without being used up themselves by the reaction. All chemical reactions require a certain minimum amount of energy in order to work. This is known as the Free energy of activation. Enzymes lower the free energy of activation levels, therefore, speeding up the rate of reaction.
catalysts
() can perform anabolic reactions or catabolic reactions
Enzymes
explain the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions
Anabolic reactions build up many simple (small) molecules to create a complex (large) molecule.
Catabolic reactions break down complex (large) molecules to create many simple (small) molecules.
() are large organic compounds found in all cells. They are nitrogenous compounds, meaning they contain nitrogen. DNA and RNA are examples of ()
nucleic acids
The building blocks of nucleic acids are ()
nucleotides
() are polymers of nucleotides. They do not need to be consumed in the diet as our bodies can synthesise them using carbohydrates and amino acids
Nucleic acids
DNA stands for?
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
() is the ‘instruction manual’ found in all your genes, which informs which proteins to be made when and where.() is found in the nucleus of every single cell in a living organism. It is also present in smaller amounts in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
DNA
RNA stands for?
RNA: Ribonucleic acid
is important in transferring genetic information from our genes to form proteins. It is found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
RNA
() contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as well as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur in some cases.
They are needed for health and normal metabolic processes in our bodies.
Most () come from plants, but plants do not require vitamins.
Animals obtain () from the food they eat and absorb them into the body with the digested food.
vitamins
