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Biol 103 > Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Define Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

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2
Q

Define Trace Element

A

An element found in minute quantities >0.01% body weight

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3
Q

Define essential element

A

An element required for health or reproduction

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4
Q

Define Isotope

A

Atom of the same element with different number of neutrons

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5
Q

Define covalent bond

A

A bond sharing electrons

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6
Q

Define polar

A

A molecule with a partial charge

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7
Q

Define nonpolar

A

A molecule with no partial charge

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8
Q

Define ionic bonding

A

Attraction between a cation and an anion

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9
Q

Define hydrogen bonding

A

dipole dipole bonding between hydrogen and FON(flourine, oxygen or nitrogen)

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10
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

A substance that dissolves in water

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11
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

A substance that does NOT dissolve in water

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12
Q

Define Monosaccharide

A

One sugar unit

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13
Q

Define disaccharide

A

Two sugar units bonded by dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

Multiple sugar units bonded by dehydration sythesis

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15
Q

Which carbon is an aldehyde group on?

A

First

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16
Q

Which carbon is the ketone group on?

A

Second

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17
Q

Define Chiral Carbon

A

A carbon with four different groups attached

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18
Q

How do you determine if a sugar is D or L form?

A

Is the OH group on the final chiral carbon on the left(L) or right(D)

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19
Q

Define stereoisomer

A

Sugars that differ by only the configuration around a single chiral carbon

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20
Q

In alpha glucose are the OH and CH2OH group on the same side?

A

No

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21
Q

In beta glucose are the OH and CH2OH group on the same side?

A

Yes

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22
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

Dehydration synthesis between two monosaccharides

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23
Q

What disaccharide forms from two alpha-D-glucose monomers?

A

Maltose

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24
Q

What is amylose?

A

A polysaccharide of alpha-D-glucose monomers joined by 1-4 linkages. It is an element of starch

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25
What is cellulose?
A polysaccharide with Beta-D-glucose monomers joined by 1-4 linkage. The monomers flip at each bond causing the CH2OH group to be on opposite sides.
26
Compare cellulose and starch
Starch is a non branching polysaccharide used by most animals as storage. Cellulose is a much stronger molecule due to the hydrogen bonding between each chain and as such is used for structural support in plants it is not digestable by most animals.
27
Define Lipid
Hydrocarbons that are poorly soluble in water
28
What are the two components that make up a fatty acid?
A carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon tail
29
Define saturated
A hydrocarbon with no double bond between carbons
30
Define unsaturated
1 or more double bond present between carbons in a hydrocarbon.
31
What is a cis fatty acid, describe its shape and wether it is saturated or unsaturated.
Cis fatty acid is unsaturated and both hydrogens surrounding double bond are on same side leading to a bend in the molecule
32
What is a trans fatty acid, describe its shape and list wether it is a saturated or unsaturated molecule
A trans fatty acid is unsaturated and has the hydrogens surrounding the bond on opposite sides meaning there is no bend in the molecule.
33
What are the components of a triglycerol?
A glycerol with three fatty acids attached
34
Define an ester bond
A dehydration bond formed that contains one of the following combinations: - fatty acid + glycerol - a phosphate bonding to any hydrocarbon or charged group
35
Define amphipathic
Has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
36
Which three types of lipids form the cell membrane
- phosolipids - glycolipids - Cholesterol
37
What is a phosphodiester bond?
A bond between two molecules consiting of Esterbond, phosphate, ester bond
38
Describe the structure of cholesterol
4 carbon rings with an OH ring at one end and a hydrocarbon tail at the other.
39
What type of cells have cholesterol?
Eukaryotic.
40
What molecule makes up protiens?
Amino acid
41
What is R in a hydro phobic amino acid?
Non polar
42
What is R in a in a hydrophilic amino acid?
Polar
43
What is R in a charged amino acid?
An acid or base
44
What is R in an aromatic amino acid?
R contains a benzine ring
45
Describe the primary structure of a protien
Two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
46
Define peptide bond
A dehydration synthesis bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other
47
What is the special property of a peptide bond
A peptide bond has a slight dipole allowing the movement of the double bond creating resonance which limits movement of the bond making it planar
48
What bonds form in secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
49
What are the two types of secondary structure and how do they bond?
1. Alpha helix: hydrogen bond between C=O of one amino acid and the NH of four R groups along. 2. Beta sheet:hydrogen bond between C=O of one amino acid and the opposite NH
50
What are the two types of beta sheets and which is stronger?
Antiparallel: Two joining chains mirror one another, stronger as hydrogen bonds are straight Parallel: Two joining chains have same orientation
51
Describe the tertiary structure of protien
3d shape of the protien determined by interactions between R groups
52
What interactions can effect the tertiary structure of a protien?
- Hydrogen bonding - ionic bonding - hydrophobic interaction - Van der waals interaction - disulfide bridges (strong covalent bond)
53
What is the Quarternary structure of a protien?
An interaction between 2 or more polypeptide subunits that assemble into a larger multimeric protien
54
What is the name of a protien that helps other protiens fold?
A chaperone protien
55
What issue can a misfolded protien cause?
Disease
56
When is protien biologically inactive?
WHen it is denatured
57
Is denaturing of protien reversible?
Sometimes
58
What can cause denaturing?
- heat - ph - salt concentration - detergents - pressure
59
Define genes
A hereditary unit on a fixed position on a chromosome that contributes to traits or characteristics of an organism.
60
Define Genome
All genetic material of a cell or organism
61
Define Karyotype
A display or photograph of chromosome pairs of a cell
62
Describe DNA Replication
DNA is transcribed to RNA then RNA is translated into protien
63
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
Pyrimidine: a single carbonm based ring Purine: two carbon based rings that form an infinity sign shape
64
What two chemicals are the backbone of DNA
Phosphate and a pentose sugar
65
Describe Polynucleotide bonding
Two polynucleotides join by hydrogen bonding between the nitogenous bases
66
How many hydrogen bonds form between the different nitrogenous bases?
A + T/U two G + C three
67
What can denature DNA
PH or Heat
68
CAn denatured DNA renature?
Yes if the backbone is not damaged
69
What is DNA melting temperature
THe temperature at which exactly 50% of DNA is denatured
70
What is RNA
A single polynucleotide that can bond to itself to form a clover shape. It is very unstable. U replaces T.
71
DEscribe the 3 types of RNA
1. Messenger: acts as an intermediary gene to specify the amino acid sequence in protien 2. Ribosomal: component of ribosomes 3. Tranfer: Adaptor molecule in protien synthesis take amino acids to protien synthesis site.

Biol 103 (1 decks)

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