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Chap. 2-Chemistry of Life > Chemistry of life > Flashcards

Chemistry of life Flashcards

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1
Q

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure forms and in combinations called

A

compounds

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2
Q

organisms are composed of

A

Matter

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3
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction

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4
Q

Compound

A

substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

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5
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter

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6
Q

Atoms are composed of subatomics particles

A

Neutrons, protons, and electrons

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7
Q

The emergent properties of compound

A

single cells come together to form an organism

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8
Q

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up

A

96% of living matter

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9
Q

most of the remaining 4% consists of

A

calcium, potassium, and sulfur

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10
Q

trace elements

A

are required by an organism in only minute quantities (less than .01)

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11
Q

Some examples of trace elements

A

Boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine…

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12
Q

neutrons and protons from the

A

atomic nucleus

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13
Q

Electrons form a “cloud” of

A

negative change around the nucleus

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14
Q

Neutron and proton mass are identical and are measured in

A

Daltons

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15
Q

Isotopes

A

Two atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

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16
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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17
Q

Radiometric dating

A

determine ages of fossils

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18
Q

Half-life

A

time it takes for isotopes to decay into its daughter (time it takes to disintegrate)

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19
Q

Radiocarbon dating can be used to date fossils up to

A

75,000 yrs

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20
Q

energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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21
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy that matter has because of its location or structure

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22
Q

Electron shell or energy level

A

The electron’s state of potential energy

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23
Q

chemical bonds

A

force that holds atoms together

24
Q

covalent bounds

A

chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared between them

25
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell which contains at least one electron

26
Q

molecule

A

Consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bounds

27
Q

Covalent bounds can form between

A

atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements

28
Q

Compound

A

A combination of two or more different elements

29
Q

electronegativity

A

An atom’s attraction for the electron in a covalent bound

30
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

the atoms share the electron equally

31
Q

polar covalent

A

one atom is more electronegative, and the other atoms do not share the electron equally

32
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons causes a partial

A

positive or negative charge fo each atom or molecule

33
Q

Ion

A

A charged atom

34
Q

cation

A

A positive changed ion

35
Q

anion

A

Negatively charged ion

36
Q

Ionic bound

A

Attraction between an anion and cation

37
Q

compounds formed by ionic bounds are called

A

Ionic compounds (or salts)

38
Q

most of the strongest bonds in organisms are

A

covalent bonds

39
Q

Large biological molecules are held in their functional forma by

A

Weak bonds

40
Q

hydrogen bond

A

Forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom

41
Q

In all living cells, the electronegative partners are usually

A

Oxygen or nitrogen atoms

42
Q

Van de waals interactions

A

attraction between molecules that are very close together as a result of these changes

43
Q

chemical bonds

A

strong chemical bonds

44
Q

non-covalent chemical bonds

A

Weak chemical bonds

45
Q

collectively, weak chemical interactions can be relatively

A

strong

46
Q

A molecule’s shape is a

A

key to its function

47
Q

molecules with similar shapes can have

A

similar biological effects

48
Q

endorphin

A
  • discovered in 1975

- produces analgesia and a feeling of well-being

49
Q

morphine

A 
- narcotic pain reliever 
Alter mood (by binding to specific receptors on brain cells
50
Q

chemical reaction are

A

the making and breaking of chemical bonds

51
Q

reactants

A

Starting molecules of a chemical reaction

52
Q

products

A

final molecules of a chemical reaction

53
Q

All chemical reactions are

A

Reversible (Products of the forward and reverse reaction become reactants for the reverse reaction)

54
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

is reached when the forward and reverse reaction occur at the same rate

55
Q

Most chemical reactions are

A

NOT at equilibrium in living cells

56
Q

S cells at equilibrium is

A

dead

Chap. 2-Chemistry of Life (1 decks)

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