Chemistry in Nails Flashcards
Matter
The scientific term used to describe anything that takes up space
What are the basic forms of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas
Solid
Matter with definite weight, volume, and shape
Liquid
Matter with definite weight and volume, but no shape
Gas
Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape
Vapor
The gaseous state of a substance that is liquid or solid under normal conditions
Physical change
A change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition
Chemical change
A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance
Elements
Fundamental substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances (except by nuclear reaction)
Atoms
The smallest possible unit of an element that possesses the characteristics of that element
What are the five elements that make up the protein, keratin?
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Molecules
Two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond
Compound
A molecule composed of two or more different kinds of atoms joined together
The process in which substances of two or more molecules interact and undergo a change is called what?
Chemical reaction
Polymerization
The process that occurs when a monomer molecule comes together with other monomer molecules in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks called polymer chains
The hardening or curing process of artificial nail products Is also called what?
Polymerization
Initiator
A chemical compound that causes the chemical reaction to start
A chemical reaction cannot start without what?
An initiator
A substance that controls the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs is called what?
A catalyst
Photo initiator
Ingredients that absorb light to create the energy needed to begin the curing process; used in light-cured products
Chemicals that prevent the product from polymerizing are called what?
Inhibitors
Most widely used solvent in the nail industry
Acetone
What are the six main ingredients in nail polish?
Resins
Solvents
Plasticizers
UV stabilizers
Pigments
Dispersants
What is the tough material that holds nail polish together?
Resin
Solvents
Liquids that dissolve a solid, liquid, or gas
Solute
A substance that is dissolved by a solvent
Plasticizer
Additives that keep the polish flexible after it is dry
UV stabilizers
Additives that help keep the polish from changing color when it is exposed to too much UV light from the sun
Pigment
Color; used in liquid monomer, powder polymer, and nail polish
Dispersants
Additives that help the pigments mix with the resin and solvent
Adhesion
A type of molecular attraction that causes two different surfaces to stick together by an interaction between molecules
Adhesives
Products that create a bond between two incompatible surfaces, such as a nail tip and the nail plate
What product helps create the adhesion needed between a nail plate and nail enhancement product?
Priming agents or primers
What is a small single molecule that helps form a polymer?
Monomer
How are polymers formed?
Polymers are formed by monomers that undergo polymerization, a chemical reaction that links the molecules together from end to end
Most nail wrap systems contain what three key products?
Wrap resin, accelerator, and fabric
Wrap resin
An adhesive used to create layers over the nail when using a wrap system
Accelerator
Product that is applied after the resin to help speed up the time it takes to harden; known as a catalyst, since they help to control the speed of the chemical reaction
What types of fabrics are used with a nail wrap system?
Fiberglass, silk, linen, and nylon
An acrylic system typically contains what two key ingredients?
Liquid monomer and powder polymer
What is typically the primary monomer in acrylic liquid?
Ethyl methacrylate
Liquid monomers contain…
Acrylic monomers, cross-linking monomers, catalysts and inhibitors
Powder polymers contain…
Acrylic polymers, initiators, pigments, and silica
What are the two differences between gel systems and acrylic?
- Product comes in gel form which doesn’t require the combining of a liquid and powder
- Gel will not cure without exposure to a light source
What are gels mainly made of?
Acrylic oligomers
Oligomer
A short chain version of a polymer
The product in gel systems will not cure or harden without exposure to what?
A light source
EMA
Ethel methacrylate; commonly used traditional acrylic monomer; high evaporation
MEM
Methoxyethoxy ethyl methacrylate; commonly used odorless acrylic monomer; low evaporation
UAO
Urethane, acrylate, oligomers; commonly used oligomer for light-cured gels; no evaporation
