Chemistry Grade 10: Semester 1 Flashcards
about chemistry in general, greenchem, nanotech, and atoms
What is the number of protons in an atom?
number of protons = atomic number
What is the number of electrons in a neutral atom?
number of electron = proton number
What is the mass number of an atom?
mass number = proton number + neutron number
What is a cation?
positively charged ions (lose electron)
What is an anion?
negatively charged ions (gain electron)
What are the properties of Group 1 or Group IA (alkali metals)?
Group 1 elements are soft, highly reactive, and have low melting points. They form +1 cations.
What are the properties of Group 17 or Group VIIA (halogens)?
Group 17 elements are highly reactive nonmetals and form -1 anions.
What is electron configuration?
Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom.
What is relative atomic mass?
Relative atomic mass is the weighted average mass of an element’s isotopes, compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
The subshells of an atom are …
s (1 orbital) = 2 electrons
p (3 orbitals) = 6 electrons
d (5 orbitals) = 10 electrons
f (7 orbitals) = 14 electrons
What is a neutral atom?
A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, so it has no overall charge.
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.
What did Dalton’s Atomic Theory propose?
Dalton’s theory proposed that all matter is composed of atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible.
What did Rutherford’s gold foil experiment discover?
Rutherford’s experiment discovered the nucleus, a dense positively charged center in an atom. He also discovered that there’s a vacuum between the electron and nucleus (didn’t discover orbit)
What term did Democritus introduce?
Democritus introduced the term “atom” from the word atomos (can’t be divided)
How did J.J. Thompsoon describe an atom?
He described an atom as a solid (non-hollow) ball with a positive charge and negatively charged electrons scattered around. (doesn’t show orbit)
How does Niels Bohr explain the properties of an atom?
Bohr stated that electrons surround the nucleus through a stationary trajectory called the orbit. The nucleus of an atooom is positively charged. Electrons can move from one atom’s shell to another atom’s shell by emitting and absorbing energy.
What is an element?
An element is a substance consisting of one type of atom.
What is a compound?
A compound is a substance formed from two or more different elements chemically bonded.
What is a mixture?
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.
How is electron configuration related to the periodic table?
Electron configuration helps determine an element’s position in the periodic table, such as its group and period.
What does the group number tell you?
The group number indicates the number of valence electrons in an element.
What is are isotopes, isotones, are isobars?
isotopes = elements with the same number of proton
isotone = elements with the same number of neutrons
isobars = elements with the same mass.
What are the three primary states of matter on Earth?
solid, liquid, and gas.
What is a characteristic of solids?
Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles arranged in a structured, tight pattern
What is a characteristic of liquids?
Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, and particles can move past one another.
What is a characteristic of gases?
Gases have no fixed shape or volume, and particles are far apart and move freely.
What is the difference between solids, liquids, and gases?
Solids have fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape, and gases have neither fixed shape nor volume.
What are the transitions between the states of matter? (there are 6)
- Melting = solid to liiquid
- Freezing = liquid to solid
- Evaporation = liquid to gas
- Condensation = gas to liquid
- Sublimation = solid to gas
- Deposition = gas to solid
What is chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, reactions, and the changes it undergoes.
What are the two main classifications of matter?
Matter can be classified as either a substance (elements or compounds) or a mixture (homogeneous or heterogeneous).
What was Thomson’s atomic model?
“plum pudding” model
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A homogeneous mixture has uniform composition throughout, like a solution.
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
heterogeneous mixture has a non-uniform composition, like a salad.
What is a beaker used for?
A beaker is used for holding and heating liquids in a laboratory. (prepare mixture, not measure)
What is a Bunsen burner used for?
A Bunsen burner is used for heating substances with an open flame.
What does the “flammable” hazard sign indicate?
indicates that the substance can easily catch fire.
What is green chemistry?
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances.
What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular scale, often involving materials smaller than 100 nanometers.
What are nanomaterials?
Nanomaterials are materials with structures at the nanoscale that exhibit unique physical and chemical properties.
Why is surface area important in nanotechnology?
Nanoparticles have a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them more reactive and useful in various applications.
What are some health risks of nanotechnology?
Nanoparticles can be toxic if inhaled or ingested, as they can penetrate cells and tissues.
List the following particles from the smallest to the largest:
Hydrogen ion, molecule of carbon dioxide, atom of oxygen, water molecule, nanoparticle, bacterium, virus
hydrogen ion, atom of oxygen, water molecule, molecule of carbon dioxide, nanoparticle, virus, bacterium.
