Chemistry fundamentals

Question 1

ammonium

Answer 1

NH4+

Question 2

Hydronium

Answer 2

H3O+

Question 3

Acetate

Answer 3

CH3CO-

Question 4

Bicarbonate

Answer 4

HCO3-

Question 5

Cyanide

Answer 5

CN-

Question 6

Hydroxide

Answer 6

OH-

Question 7

Nitrate

Answer 7

NO3-

Question 8

Nitrite

Answer 8

NO2-

Question 9

Perchlorate

Answer 9

ClO4-

Question 10

Carbonate

Answer 10

CO3(2-)

Question 11

Sulfate

Answer 11

SO4(2-)

Question 12

Sulfite

Answer 12

SO3(2-)

Question 13

Phosphate

Answer 13

PO4(3-)

Question 14

covalent bonds

Answer 14

are only formed between nonmetal elements

Question 15

bond dissociation energy

Answer 15

the energy necessary for a complete separation of the bond is given by the vertical distance on the graph between the energy at the bond length and zero

Question 16

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 16

when electrons are shared equally between molecules with equivalent electronegativities

Question 17

polar covalent bonds

Answer 17

when electrons are not shared equally because of a difference in electronegativity

Question 18

ionic bonds

Answer 18

occur most often between metals and nonmetals

Question 19

dipole moment

Answer 19

is an example of intermolecular forces and occurs when the center of positive charge in a bond does not coincide with the center of negative charges. given by the equation mew=qd. q is the magnitude of the charge at either end and d is the distance between the centers of charge

Question 20

strongest type of dipole-dipole interaction

Answer 20

hydrogen bond

Question 21

hydrogen bonds occur between

Answer 21

a hydrogen that is covalently bound to flourine, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 22

cations that have large and small charges are designated differently as

Answer 22

ous for small

ic for big

Question 23

oxyanions are named

Answer 23

ate as the more oxygens

itse as the least amount of oxygens

Question 24

for acids the names for more oxygens and less

Answer 24

more = ous
less= ic

Question 25

N units

Answer 25

kg ms-2

Question 26

empirical formula

Answer 26

is the smallest ratio of whole numbers that can be used to represent these proportions

Question 27

molecular formula

Answer 27

represent the exact number of elemental atoms in each molecule

Question 28

percent yield equation

Answer 28

actual yield/theoretical yield *100

Question 29

difference between thermodynamic and kinetic

Answer 29

thermodynamic product is more stable but it requires higher energy input and is produced more slowly. the kinetic product is less stable but can be formed more rapidly because the required energy input is lower. high temps favor the thermodynamic product while low temps favor the kinetic product

Question 30

rate constant for chemical kinetics

Answer 30

rate constant is affected by pressure, catalysts, and temperature

Question 31

reaction rate

Answer 31

describes how quickly the concentration of the reactants or products are changing over the course of the reaction

Question 32

rate constant

Answer 32

molarity per second

Question 33

steps after the slow step do not what? steps before the slow step do what?

Answer 33

contribute to the rate law while ones before do

Question 34

heterogenous catalyst

Answer 34

is in a different phase than the reactants and products, such as when gas or aqueous particles react on a solid

Question 35

reaction rates can be enhanced by

Answer 35

increasing the surface area of a catalyst

Question 36

homogenous catalyst

Answer 36

is in the same phase as the reactants and products

Question 37

a catalyst affects the

Answer 37

kinetics of a reaction but not the thermodynamics

Question 38

reaction rate of reactions in gas vs liquid

Answer 38

in gas and liquids the reaction rate will be the similar in similar concentrations. The rate of a reaction is affected by stirring or shaking in liquids as well as increasing the temperature

Question 39

radioactive decay

Answer 39

concerns atoms that spontaneously break apart

Question 40

half-life

Answer 40

is the length of time necessary for one half of a given amount of substance to decay

Question 41

half-life follows what order

Answer 41

first order reaction and the constant can be expressed as At=Aoe^(-kt)

Question 42

beta-decay what particle is released

Answer 42

a neutron is broken down but a proton is added. meaning that the mass number stays the same. a neutrino is released which is a massless particle