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Chemical Engineering Licensure Exam Oct. 2023 > Chemistry for Engineers (Done) > Flashcards

Chemistry for Engineers (Done) Flashcards

1
Q

The colors of the NFPA diamond correspond to what and what is the highest level?

A

Red - flammability
Blue - level of health hazard
Yellow - reactivity
White - special hazards
Level 4

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2
Q

Limit by NIOSH

A

Recommended exposure limits (REL)

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3
Q

Nervous system is targeted by what toxin?

A

Neurotoxin

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4
Q

Water pollutant that refer to leaves, grass, and trash

A

Organic wastes

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5
Q

Placed on the storage of the chemical to identify the chemical and its hazard.

A

Label

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6
Q

Coordination # and # of atoms of simple cubic structure

A

6, 1

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7
Q

_ is the measure of how serious the harm is as a _ of unsafe working with chemicals.

A

Severity, consequence

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8
Q

Several factors when considering economic merits of fuels:

A

Availability of extraction technology
Pollution
Relative Safety
Energy Density

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9
Q

Plasticity is a desired property in _, _, and _.

A

Forging, stamping images on coin and ornamental work

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10
Q

The only element that has a cubic structure

A

Polonium (Po)

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11
Q

Three major types of materials

A

Metal
Ceramic
Polymers

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12
Q

Levels of fluoride, lead, sulfate and nitrate to fit water standards:

A

< 4 ppm
< 15 microgram/L
< 250 ppm
< 10 ppm

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13
Q

Define energy density

A

It is the amount of energy released per gram of burned fuel.

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14
Q

Property of material to absorb energy, resist shock and loads

A

Resilience

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15
Q

Dense, ordered packing has higher/lower neighbor bond energy compared to non-dense, random packing.

A

Lower (it is kept at minimum)

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16
Q

When enthalpy is negative, the process is:

A

Exothermic

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17
Q

Allotropes of carbon

A

Diamond
Graphite
Bucky ball (Buckminsterfullerene)

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18
Q

Primitive crystal systems (7)

A

Isometric/cubic
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Hexagonal
Triclinic
Monoclinic
Rhombohedral/Trigonal

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19
Q

Example of PV work?

A

Gas expansion

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20
Q

Hydrogen may be stored as:

A

Liquid hydrogen (liquefaction)
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs)
Ammonia
Methanol

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21
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy available by virtue of its position

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22
Q

What is the most common type of work encountered in chemical processes?

A

PV work

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23
Q

Particle pollutants that are condensation of vapors during sublimation, distillation, boiling, chemical reactions

A

Fumes

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24
Q

BOD of clean water is _ and for polluted water, it is _.

A

< 5 ppm
> 17 ppm

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25
Q

Value of Avogadro’s number

A

6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol

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26
Q

Resilience is an essential propety for what type of material?

A

Spring materials

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27
Q

Examples of kinetic energy

A

Thermal, radiant, sound, electrical, mechanical, translational, rotational, vibrational

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28
Q

Property of material to resist wear, scratching, deformation, machinability, etc.

A

Hardness

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29
Q

Property of material to regain its original shape after being deformed

A

Elasticity

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30
Q

Malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice

A

(In order of diminishing malleability) lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminum

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31
Q

Property of material that refers to the slow and permanent deformation due to constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time

A

Creep

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32
Q

Capacity to do work

A

Energy

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33
Q

Property of material to break

A

Brittleness

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34
Q

It is the combination of kinetic and potential energy.

A

Internal energy

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35
Q

Adverse health effect after repeated exposure to a chemical which may occur after either a relatively short or long-term exposure

A

Chronic toxicity

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36
Q

What is the English unit of energy and what is its definition?

A

British Thermal Unit (BTU), it is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 lb of water by 1 degF

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37
Q

Bleaching of paper switched from use of _ to _

A

Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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38
Q

Property of material to be shaped or cut depending on necessity

A

Machinability

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39
Q

Gaseous pollutant that is poisonous to animals and plants

A

Oxides of sulfur

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40
Q

What is radiant energy?

A

Solar energy from the sun

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41
Q

True or False: Steel is more elastic than rubber.

A

True

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42
Q

Explosive, flammable, oxidizing, gas under presssure, corrosive to metal are examples of _?

A

Physical hazard

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43
Q

Energy density of hydrogen

A

120~142 MJ/kg [low to high heating value]

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44
Q

What is system in universe?

A

It is the one being studied.

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45
Q

pH of rain

A

5.6

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46
Q

Measurement of toughness of material

A

Amount of energy absorbed pera unit volume of material after being stress up to the point of fracture

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47
Q

Irreversible damage to skin, eyes, airways or material

A

Corrosive

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48
Q

Hazard on dermal layer

A

Cutaneous hazard

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49
Q

What is heat?

A

Energy flow b/w two objects with difference in temperature (warm to cold)

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50
Q

Gaseous pollutant that is carcinogenic and harmful to plants, comes from burning of fuel

A

Hydrocarbons

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51
Q

Pollutants that are minute solid particles or liquid droplets in the air

A

Particle pollutants

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52
Q

Carbon monoxide + hemoglobin

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

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53
Q

What is surroundings in universe?

A

It is everything outside the system.

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54
Q

(+) or (-): energy exiting the system

A

(-)

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55
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Stored energy from structural units of chemical substances

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56
Q

Easily identifiable source of pollution

A

Point source

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57
Q

Gaseous pollutant that is from fossil fuels and mainly responsible for global warming

A

Carbon dioxide

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58
Q

States of matter

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Fermionic Condensate

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59
Q

Examples of potential energy

A

Chemical, nuclear/atomic

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60
Q

Phase change involves change in kinetic or potential energy?

A

Potential

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61
Q

Levels of hazard control (5)

A
  1. Eliminate hazardous chemical
  2. Substitute with less hazardous chemical
  3. Install engineering control
  4. Put administrative control
  5. PPE
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62
Q

Parts of the universe

A

System
Boundary
Surroundings

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63
Q

Standard state conditions

A

25 degC and 1 atm

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64
Q

What are the constituents of steel?

A

Iron and carbon

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65
Q

Crystal system with unequal axes and no perpendicular axes

A

Triclinic

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66
Q

Define heat of condensation

A

Heat released when gas turns to liquid, always negative

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67
Q

This helps in determining the necessity of specialized equipment, procedures or precautions

A

National Fire Protection Association Diamond

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68
Q

It is the use of knowledge in chemistry and other sciences to decrease environmental impact

A

Green chemistry

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69
Q

It is the process of fish dying or leaving a body of water due to increase in algae growth which leads to decrease in available oxygen.

A

Eutrophication

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70
Q

Property of material to be drawn into wire

A

Ductility

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71
Q

Combination of 2 or more individual materials of different types

A

Composite

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72
Q

Property of material to resist fracture due to strong blows

A

Toughness

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73
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but instead can assume different interconvertible forms.

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74
Q

Gaseous pollutant that causes red haze in congested places

A

Oxides of nitrogen

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75
Q

Describe a galvanic cell.

A

Battery that is unplugged/discharging
No energy added towards it
Spontaneous
Cathode is positive, anode is negative

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76
Q

Kidneys are targeted by what toxin?

A

Nephrotoxin

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77
Q

Crystal system with equal axes, no perpendicular axes

A

Rhombohedral/trigonal

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78
Q

Hemoglobin is targeted by what toxin?

A

Hematopoietic toxin

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79
Q

Property of material to retain deformation after being subjected to stress

A

Plasticity

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80
Q

What is bond energy?

A

Energy released when covalent bond is formed

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81
Q

Define enthalpy

A

Heat flow when pressure is constant

82
Q

Most commonly used class of engineering material

A

Metal

83
Q

Hardness of metal are determined through:

A

Brinell hardness test
Rockwell hardness test
Vickers hardness test (aka Diamond Pyramid)
Shore scelorscope

84
Q

Two major forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential Energy

85
Q

What is the SI unit of energy and what is it equal to?

A

Joule (J), 1 kg m^2/s^2

86
Q

Define heat of vaporization

A

Heat required to turn liquid to gas, always positive

87
Q

Properties of ceramic

A

Strong but fractures
Has insulative properties
May be transparent, translucent, or opaque

88
Q

Gaseous pollutants in troposphere (5)

A

Oxides of sulfur
Oxides of nitrogen
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide

89
Q

Types of heat of reaction

A

Heat of:
Combustion
Formation
Solution
Disassociation
Neutralization

90
Q

Measure of ductility

A

Terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area

91
Q

It is the type of smog that is common in cool, humid climate that is composed of smoke, fog and SO2

A

Classical smog

92
Q

What is formation reaction?

A

Formation of one mole of compound from its standard state

93
Q

Measure of stiffness

A

Modulus of elasticity

94
Q

Found in human excreta that causes gastrointestinal diseases (2)

A

Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis

95
Q

Enthalpies may be directly determined through _, but _ can also be used to indirectly determine it.

A

Calorimetric means, Hess(‘s) Law

96
Q

True or False: Cast iron is a ductile material.

A

False, it is a brittle material

97
Q

Limit for amount/concentration of substance in air by OSHA

A

Permissible exposure limits (PEL)

98
Q

Combination of metals is called _ and it is formed through _, _, and _.

A

Alloy
Melting, mixing, cooling

99
Q

It is anything that has the potential to cause harm in the form of injury, illness, damage to environment

A

Hazard

100
Q

It is the amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter in a certain volume of water

A

Biochemical oxygen demand

101
Q

Define path function

A

Property that depends on the path to get to the final value

102
Q

Phase change takes place at constant _.

A

Pressure

103
Q

Property of material where it fails at stresses below yield point stresses after being subjected to multiple stresses

A

Fatigue

104
Q

What are the constituents of bronze?

A

Copper and tin

105
Q

Define heat of fusion

A

Heat required to melt

106
Q

Bacteria and other organisms from domestic sewage and animal excreta

A

Pathogens

107
Q

Property of material to resist external forces without breaking

A

Strength

108
Q

Iron allotrope is a _ at 20 degC and _ at 1000 degC

A

BCC, FCC

109
Q

Formula for internal energy

A

delta E = q+w

110
Q

When enthalpy is positive, the process is:

A

Endothermic

111
Q

Differentiate crystalline vs. non-crystalline

A

Crystalline: atoms are packed in periodic/repeating, 3D arrays; metals, many ceramics, some polymers

Non-crystalline: amorphous, no periodic packing, common for complex structure

112
Q

What is boundary in universe?

A

It is the imaginary line that separates the system from the surroundings.

113
Q

_ is the environmentally friendly fuel alternative because _.

A

Hydrogen gas, because it only produces water when burned.

114
Q

Challenges of using hydrogen as energy source

A

Production process is expensive.
Energy required to produce it is greater than the energy content derived from it.

115
Q

Major contributors to acid rain

A

SO2 and NO2

116
Q

Limit by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

A

Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

117
Q

Particle pollutants that are living organisms like bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae, etc.

A

Viable

118
Q

Synthetic toxic chemicals with ecological repercussions such as soil pollution

A

Insecticide, pesticide, herbicide,

119
Q

Crystal system with 4 axes, 3 equal lengths with equal angles and same place while the 4th is perpendicular to the

A

Hexagonal

120
Q

Substance that can cause permanent damage to genetic material, which may lead to hereditary genetic damage/cancer

A

Mutagen

121
Q

Enzyme found in fireflies that allows them to glow

A

Firefly luciferase

122
Q

True or false: hydrogen is an energy source.

A

False, it is an energy carrier.

123
Q

State or path function: internal energy

A

State

124
Q

Cubic structure where atoms touch along cube diagonals

A

Body-centered cubic structure

125
Q

Original definition of calorie:

A

Amount of energy required to heat 1 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 deg C

126
Q

Coordination # and # of atoms of body-centered cubic structure

A

8, 2

127
Q

Particle pollutants that are fine and solid; from crushing, grinding, attribution of solid materials

A

Dust

128
Q

What does DDT, the toxic chemical found in pesticides, stand for?

A

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

129
Q

It is the high, medium or low chance that a person or the environment will be harmed.

A

Risk

130
Q

3D array of points which coincides with atom positions

A

Lattice point

131
Q

Internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force

A

Stress

132
Q

Property of material to resist deformation under stress

A

Stiffness

133
Q

Crystal system with equal axes, and all axes are perpendicular

A

Isometric/cubic

134
Q

Define state function

A

Property that doesn’t depend on the path to get to the final value

135
Q

Gaseous pollutant that is colorless, odorless and poisonous as it blocks oxygen delivery

A

Carbon monoxide

136
Q

Properties of materials (metals) (13)

A

Strength
Stiffness
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness
Malleability
Toughness
Machinability
Resilience
Creep
Fatigue
Hardness

137
Q

Liver is targeted by what toxin?

A

Hepatotoxin

138
Q

(+) or (-): energy entering the system

A

(+)

139
Q

What is materials science and engineering?

A

Study of combination of processing, structure and properties of materials to develop them based on desired performance/specifications.

140
Q

Particle pollutants that are from sprayed liquid and condensation of vapors in air

A

Mist

141
Q

State or path function: entropy

A

State

142
Q

What is work?

A

Energy transfer via force moving a mass some distance against resistance

143
Q

Material that may be metallic or non-metallic oxides

A

Ceramic

144
Q

Properties of polymer

A

Low density
Not stiff
Not strong
Relatively inert

145
Q

Crystal system with 2 equal axes, and all axes are perpendicular

A

Tetragonal

146
Q

Crystal system with no equal axes, 2 perpendicular axes

A

Monoclinic

147
Q

Adverse health effect after a single exposure to a chemical

A

Acute toxicity

148
Q

True or false: CO2 molecules trap heat as they are transparent to radiation but not to sunlight.

A

False, CO2 is transparent to sunlight but not radiation

149
Q

Bond disassociation energy is?

A

It is the amount of energy required to break a bond

150
Q

Measurement of resilience

A

Amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within elastic limit

151
Q

Relationship between bond disassociation energy and bond length

A

Inverse (shorter bond length requires higher BDE)

152
Q

These are the steps taken to remove chemical hazards or decrease exposure level

A

Control measures

153
Q

KE or PE: energy between two atoms

A

PE

154
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

KE = 1/2 mv^2

155
Q

Cubic structure with atoms touching along diagonals

A

Face-centered cubic structure

156
Q

Cemented carbide is:

A

Tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt (Co)

157
Q

Value of heat of formation of an element

A

Zero

158
Q

Toughness of material increases/decreases when heated.

A

Decreases

159
Q

Describe an electrolytic cell

A

Battery that is plugged/charging
Energy added towards it
Non-spontaneous
Cathode is negative, anode is positive

160
Q

State or path function: heat

A

Path

161
Q

Breaking bonds _ energy, while forming bonds _ energy.

A

Requires, releases

162
Q

Chemical that poses potential risk to safety/health

A

Hazardous chemical

163
Q

State or path function: enthalpy

A

State

164
Q

Material that is a chain of H-C molecules

A

Polymers

165
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy produced by moving objects by virtue of its velocity

166
Q

Layers of the atmosphere

A

Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere

167
Q

Reversible damage to skin, eyes or airways

A

Irritant

168
Q

Combination of smoke and fog

A

Smog

169
Q

It is a document that provides information on the chemical hazards, advice on safe handling, use and storage, and emergency measures in case of an accident.

A

Safety datasheet (SDS)

170
Q

It is a device that converts chemical energy into electric energy through electrochemical redox reaction.

A

Battery

171
Q

Water pollutants that refer to water soluble inorganic chemicals such as Cd, Hg, Ni

A

Chemical pollutants

172
Q

Coordination # and # of atoms of face-centered cubic structure

A

12, 4

173
Q

What is heat of reaction?

A

Enthalpy in chemical reactions due to breaking and formation of bonds.

174
Q

It is the type of smog that is common in warm, dry, and sunny climate with NO2 and ozone in high concentrations; contributes to haze

A

Photochemical smog

175
Q

Particle pollutants that are solid or solid-liquid particles from combustion of organic matter

A

Smoke

176
Q

An iron allotrope is both BCC and FCC at what temperature?

A

912 degC

177
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Energy produced by random motions of atoms and molecules

178
Q

Substance that can cause cancer

A

Carcinogen

179
Q

All energy flow is either _ or _.

A

Heat, work

180
Q

Property of material to retain deformation after being subjected to stress

A

Plasticity

181
Q

Cubic structures (3)

A

Simple, face-centered, body-centered cubic structures

182
Q

Property of material to form thin sheets

A

Malleability

183
Q

Which is more machinable: brass or steel?

A

Brass

184
Q

Hess(‘s) Law states that:

A

Change in enthalpy for any process is independent of the particular way the process is carried out (in short, enthalpy is a state function).

185
Q

Crystal system with no equal axes, and all axes are perpendicular

A

Orthorhombic

186
Q

What is the bond formed when attractive and repulsive forces are balanced and energy is at minimum?

A

Covalent bond

187
Q

Smallest repetitive volume which contains the complete lattice pattern of a crystal

A

Unit cell

188
Q

Corrosive, toxic, harmful and irritation are examples of _?

A

Health hazard

189
Q

Particle pollutants that are non-living organisms like smoke, dust, mist, fumes

A

Non-viable

190
Q

State or path function: work

A

Path

191
Q

Substance causing pollution

A

Pollutant

192
Q

Cubic structure that is rare, has a low packing density

A

Simple cubic structure

193
Q

It is the measure of how likely something can happen

A

Likelihood

194
Q

Examples of polymers

A

Polyethylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, silicone, rubber

195
Q

Differentiate cell from battery

A

Cell - basic electrochemical unit of battery
Battery - consists of one or more cell connected in series, parallel or both

196
Q

Pollutant with a source of pollution that is not easily identifiable

A

Non-point source

197
Q

Ductile material commonly used in engineering practice

A

(In order of diminishing ductility) mild steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc

198
Q

What is the formula for potential energy?

A

PE = mgh

199
Q

_ of solar energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth’s surface while _ is radiated back

A

75%, 25%

200
Q

It is the natural process of maitning the warmth of Earth

A

Natural Greenhouse Effect

201
Q

Why does heat flowing into a substance does not necessarily lead to increase in temperature (i.e. the temperature remains the same)?

A

Intermolecular forces might be too strong in solids vs. liquids, so liquid molecules have more room to move = higher KE = increase in temperature.

Chemical Engineering Licensure Exam Oct. 2023 (3 decks)

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