Chemistry Final Study Guide Flashcards
Describe how these scientists contributed to the development:
- John Dalton
- JJ Thomson
- Ernest Rutherford
- Niels Bohr
John Dalton: Developed the atomic theory
JJ Thomson: Used the Cathode Ray Tubes / found existence of electrons (Plum Pudding Model)
Ernest Rutherford: Used a Particle Gun / proved the nucleus exists
Niels Bohr: Created a more detailed model of the atom / explains the properties of different elcements / identified more on where electrons are found
What is an atom?
What makes up most of an atom?
An atom is mostly empty space
Protons (+), Electrons (-), and Neutrons (0)
Whats the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures?
Elements- Pure substance
Compounds- Combination of elements
Mixtures- Combination of elements & compounds
What is the Chemical Formula?
How many and what kind of atoms
What are valence electrons?
Numbers that are found on the periodic table depending on what family they’re in
How do you determine how many an atom has? (Valence Electrons)
Outermost Power level of an atom
How many electrons can an atom have? (Valence Electrons)
An atom can only have up to 8 valence electrons
Where are electrons found?
Electrons found in the outermost energy level, they are responsible for atomic bonding
What is the maximum number electrons that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd energy levels can hold?
1 = 2 electrons 2 = 8 electrons 3 = 18 electrons
What is the Atomic Theory?
- All mater is made of atoms
- Atoms are indivisible and indestructible
- Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms
Who developed it? (The Atomic Theory)
John Dalton
How is the Periodic Table organized?
Most reactive on the left, least on the right
What does the location of elements on the periodic table tell us about them?
Reactivity, mass, metallic properties, # of electrons, and # of valence electrons
What direction do groups or families go on the Periodic Table?
Families / Groups- Form columns
What do the elements have in common if they’re in the same group?
Number of Valence Electrons / Similar reactivity
How many groups are on the Periodic Table?
18 Groups
What direction do Periods go on the table?
Form Rows
What do the elements have in common if they’re in the same Period?
Similar electron power level structures
List the Properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals and where they’re located on the table
Metals- Conduct heat energy or conduct electricity, they’re the largest group (left side)
Metalloids- Don’t conduct heat or electricity, far right side of table (2nd largest group)
Nonmetals- (Smallest Group) only 6 elements, some properties of each (In between Metals & Non-Metals)
List some Physical Changes with short descriptions
Crushing a can, Boiling water, melting an ice cube, breaking a glass
List some Chemical Changes with short descriptions
Burning wood, souring milk, rusting a nail, cooking an egg, digesting food, heating sugar, baking a cake
What are Subscripts?
Tell you how many of each individual atom exits
What are Coefficients?
Used to balance chemical equations
Describe the 3 states of mater
Solid, Liquid, Gas
What 2 things determine a material’s state of matter?
Thermal Energy - Temperature
Kinetic Energy - Energy the particles have
What is a Polymer?
Giant molecules, very high molar mass
What is a Monomer?
Small molecules, make up Polymers
Name some examples of things that are made out of Polymers
Saran (Plastic)
