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Chemistry Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is anything that takes up space.

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2
Q

What are physical and chemical properties of matter? (and examples)

A

Physical property is the characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing its form. Chemical property is a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change its form. Physical property examples are freezing, hardness, texture, and color. Chemical property examples are burning, tarnishing, and rusting.

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3
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means.

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4
Q

What is a compound? (and examples)

A

A compound is a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio. An example is carbon dioxide and water.

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5
Q

What is a mixture? (and examples)

A

A mixture is made of two or more substances, elements, compounds, or both, that are together in the same place but are not chemically combined. An example is fruit salad and chocolate milk.

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6
Q

What is the difference between a heterogeneous and a homogeneous mixture? (and examples)

A

A heterogeneous mixture is where you can see all the individual parts. A homogeneous mixture is where it is evenly mixed that you can’t see the individual parts. An example of a heterogeneous mixture is fruit salad and dirt. An example of a homogeneous mixture is chocolate milk and sugar dissolving.

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7
Q

What is a solution? (and examples)

A

A solution is an example of a homogeneous mixture. An example is air.

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8
Q

What is mass?

A

The mass of an object is the measurement of the amount of matter in the object.

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9
Q

What is weight?

A

Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on you.

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10
Q

What is volume?

A

Volume is the amount of space matter occupies.

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11
Q

What is density?

A

Density relates the mass of a material in a given volume.

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12
Q

What is the Law of Conversation of Mass?

A

The law of conversation of mass is the fact that matter is not created or destroyed in any chemical or physical change.

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13
Q

What are the 3 main states of matter?

A

The 3 main states of matter is solid, liquid, and gas.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a solid? How are the particles arranged?

A

The characteristics of a solid are that it has a definite shape and definite volume. The particles are arranged by fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles that vibrate.

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15
Q

What is a liquid? What are the characteristics of a liquid? How are the particles arranged?

A

A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own. The particles are arranged by free to move.

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16
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flowing.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of a gas? How are its particles arranged?

A

The characteristics of a gas is that it has no definite volume and no definite shape. The particles are arranged by spreading apart.

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18
Q

What is melting point, boiling point, freezing point, vaporization, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation?

A

Melting point is the temperature at which melting occurs. Freezing point is the change of state between solid and liquid. Vaporization is the change from a liquid to a gas taking place only on the top. Evaporation is liquid to a gas going from the top to the bottom. Condensation is going from a gas to a liquid. Sublimation is going from a solid to a gas.

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19
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest particle of an element.

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20
Q

What are the 4 major ideas that John Dalton included in his atomic theory?

A

• All elements are composed of atoms that cannot be divided.
• All atoms of the same element are exactly alike and have the
same mass. Atoms of different elements are different and
have different masses.
• An atom of one element cannot be changed into an atom of a
different element. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in
any chemical change, only rearranged.
• Every compound is composed of atoms of different elements,
combined in a specific ratio.

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21
Q

Who is J.J. Thompson?

A

J.J. Thompson found that atoms contain negatively charged particles.

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22
Q

Who is Ernest Rutherford?

A

Ernest Rutherford inferred that an atom’s positively charge must be clustered in a tiny region in the center called the nucleus.

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23
Q

Who is Niels Bohr?

A

Niels Bohr showed that electrons only have specific amounts of energy. He created the “planets orbiting the sun” diagram.

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24
Q

Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table.

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25
Q

Who is James Chadwick?

A

James Chadwick found the neutron.

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26
Q

What are the location within an atom and charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

A

Protons and neutrons are in the center, while electrons are on the rings. A proton is positive, a neutron is neutral, and an electron is negative.

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27
Q

What does the atomic number tell you?

A

The atomic number tells you the element.

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28
Q

What is an atomic mass number?

A

The atomic mass number is the average amount of isotopes of an element.

29
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons and neutrons.

30
Q

What is a period on the periodic table?

A

A period on the periodic table is the horizontal rows.

31
Q

What is a group on the periodic table?

A

A group on the periodic table is the vertical rows.

32
Q

How do you locate elements on the periodic table using group and period numbers?

A

You locate elements on the periodic table by counting the number of periods going from left to right. With the group by counting the number of groups going from top to bottom.

33
Q

How do you read a square on the periodic table to calculate protons, neutrons, and electrons?

A

You read a square on the periodic table. The top one is atomic number which is protons or electrons. The second one is chemical symbol which is the symbol. The third one is the name of the element. The bottom one is the atomic mass. You find the atomic mass by subtracting the protons by it.

34
Q

How do you construct a Bohr diagram?

A

You construct a Bohr diagram by drawing a circle in the center representing the nucleus. You draw circles as the electron shell. The first shell is 2. The second shell is 8. The third shell is 18. The fourth shell is 32.

35
Q

What are the trends of the periodic table?

A

The trends of the periodic table are going up by atomic size/radius from right to left. 8 columns are the number of valence electrons in that column.

36
Q

What are the major families of the periodic table and their locations on the periodic table?

A

Period 1 is alkali metals. Period 2 is alkali earth metals. Period 3 through 13 except Boron is metals. Period 13 through 16 is metalloids. Period 14 through 16 is nonmetals. Period 17 is halogens. Period 18 is noble gases.

37
Q

What are the basic physical and chemical properties of metals nonmetals,and metalloids?

A

Physical properties of metals are shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity. Chemical properties of metals are reactivity and corrosion. Physical properties of nonmetals are opposite of metals, dull, and brittle. Chemical properties of nonmetals are reactive are rusting. Properties of metalloids are same characteristics as metals and nonmetals, solid at room temperature, brittle, hard, somewhat reactive, and conduct electricity.

38
Q

What are some of the basic characteristics of each family/group of the periodic table?

A

Noble gases do not usually gain, lose, or share electrons, nonreactive, exist in Earth in small amounts, and are used in glowing electric lights. Alkali metals are very reactive, shiny, super soft, stored in oil, and never found uncombined in nature. Alkali earth metals are hard, gray-white, conductor of electricity, and not as reactive, but more than most. Transition metals are hard, shiny, conductors of electricity, important to industry and modern technology, and less reactive than alkali metals and alkali earth metals. Halogens are very reactive, dangerous, useful, and “salt-forming” elements.

39
Q

What are valance electrons?

A

Valence electrons are the electrons that have the highest energy level and are held most loosely.

40
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

A chemical bond is the force of attraction that holds two atoms together as a result of the rearrangement of electrons between them.

41
Q

What is the pattern between valence electrons and an element’s location on the periodic table?

A

The period goes in order from 1 to 8 without including the metal part.

42
Q

How can the number of valence electrons can influence the reactivity of an element?

A

The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element determines many properties of that element, including the ways in which the atom can bond with other atoms.

43
Q

What is an ion? ( and the difference between a positive and negative ion)

A

An ion is an atom or group that has an electrical charge. A positive ion is an atom that has lost at least one electron. A negative ion is an atom that has gained at least one electron.

44
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ionic bond is the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

45
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond is the chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

46
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally.

47
Q

What is the difference between a chemical and a physical change?

A

The difference between a chemical change and a physical change is that a physical change is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance into another substance. A chemical change is a characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to change into other substances.

48
Q

What is evidence that a chemical change has occurred?

A

Evidence that a chemical change has occurred is that chemical changes involve two main kinds of changes that you can observe—formation of new substances and changes in energy.

49
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A precipitate is a solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

50
Q

What are reactants?

A

Reactants are the substances you have at the beginning.

51
Q

What are products?

A

Products are when the reaction is complete, you have new substances

52
Q

How can you speed up or slow down a chemical reaction?

A

You can speed up or slow down a chemical reaction by controlling the rates of reactions by changing factors such as surface area, temperature, and concentration, and by using substances called catalysts and inhibitors

53
Q

What is an endothermic reaction? (and examples)

A

An endothermic reaction is a reaction in which energy is absorbed. An example is the reactions that occur when you fry an egg are endothermic.

54
Q

What is an exothermic reaction? (and examples)

A

An exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.

55
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The pH scale is a range of values from 0 to 14. It expresses the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

56
Q

What is the pH range for acids?

A

The pH range for acids is lower than 7.

57
Q

What is the pH range for bases?

A

The pH range for bases is higher than 7.

58
Q

What is a neutral substance?

A

A neutral substance is when it is neither an acid or a base.

59
Q

What are some characteristics of acids?

A

Acids tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red.

60
Q

What are some characteristics of bases?

A

Bases tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.

61
Q

What is a neutralization reaction? What are the products of the reaction?

A

A neutralization reaction is a reaction between a base and an acid. The products of the reaction are salt and water.

62
Q

What is solubility?

A

Solubility is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

63
Q

What is a solute?

A

A solute is the thing that is doing the dissolving in a solution.

64
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A solvent is the thing that is being dissolved.

65
Q

How can you change the solubility of a substance?

A

You can change the solubility of a substance by adding more solute or solvent to the solution.

66
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated solution?

A

The difference between a saturated and an unsaturated solution is that a saturated solution has so much solute that no more can be dissolved, while an unsaturated solution you can continue to add more solvent to the solution.

67
Q

What is the difference between a dilute and a concentrated solution?

A

The difference between a dilute and a concentrated solution is that a dilute solution is a mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent, while a concentrated solution has a lot of solute dissolved in the same amount of solvent.

68
Q

Marie Curie

A

Marie Curie is a young researcher who discovered radioactive elements and radioactive decay.

Science (3 decks)

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