Chemistry Final Flashcards
The amount of space occupied by a substance is?
Volume
A measure of the quantity of material it contains
Mass
1 L = ? mL
1000mL
1 L = ? qt
1.06 qt
946 mL = ? qt
1 qt
1 kg = ? g
1000 g
1 kg = ? lb
2.20 lb
454 g = ? lb
1 lb
A number is a significant figure if it is? 3 things
1-not a zero
2-one or more zeros between nonzero digits
3-one or more zeros at the end of a decimal #
A zero is not significant if it is?
1-at the beginning of a decimal #
2-used as a placeholder in a large # without a decimal point
1 ft = ? in
12 in
1 qt = ? cups
4 cups
1 lb = ? oz
16 oz
1 m = ? cm
100cm
1 kg = ? g
1000 g
How many sig figs should be written in a multiplication/division problem?
answer should have the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the fewest sig figs
How many sig figs should be written in an addition/subtraction problem?
the final answer is written so it has the same number of decimal places as the measurement having the fewest decimal places
Kilo =
1000 or 10x3
mega =
1 000 000 or 10x6
giga =
1 000 000 000 or 10x9
deci =
0.1 or 10x-1
centi=
0.01 or 10x-2
milli=
0.001 or 10x-3
micro=
0.000 001 or 10x-6
1 mile = ? ft
5280 feet
1 in = ? cm
2.54 cm
1 m = ? in
39.4 in
1 km = ? mi
0.621 mi
Density = ?
Mass of substance / volume of substance
How do you convert Farhreheit to Celsuis?
Tc=Tf-32/1.8
How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?
Tf=1.8*(Tc) + 32
How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?
Tk=Tc+273
What is a pure substance?
matter t hat has a fixed or constant composition
What is an element?
The simplest type of a pure substance, is composed of only one kind of material.
What is a compound?
Also a pure substance, but it consists of two or more elements chemically combined in the same proportion.
What is a mixture?
two or more substances are physically mixed, but not chemically combined
What is a homogeneous mixture?
The composition is uniform throughout the sample: air, salt water
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
The components do not have a uniform composition: oil and water, raisins in a cookie, pulp in orange juice
What characteristics do a solid have?
definite shape and volume. particles are arranged in such a rigid pattern, their only movement is to vibrate slowly in their fixed positions
What characteristics do a liquid have?
definite volume but not a definite shape. The particles move slowly in random directions
What characteristics does gas have?
does not have a definite shape or volume. The particles are far apart, have little attraction to each other, and move at extremely high speeds
What is the proper shielding from Alpha particles?
Paper, clothing
What is the proper shielding from Beta particles
Heavy clothing, lab coat, gloves
What is the proper shielding from gammy rays?
Lead, thick concrete
What is the polyatomic ion name for OH-
Hydroxide
What is the polyatomic ion name for NO3-
Nitrate
What is the polyatomic ion name for NH4+
Ammonium
What is the polyatomic ion name for ClO3-
Chlorate
What is the polyatomic ion name for CO3 2-
Carbonate
What is the polyatomic ion name for SO4 2-
Sulfate
What is the polyatomic ion name for PO4 3-
Phosphate
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
a covalent bond between atoms with identical or similar electronegativity values
What is a polar covalent bond?
bonds between atoms with different elecronegativity values, the electrons are shared unequally
What is an Ionic bond?
A bond between a metal and a nonmetal
2 bonded atoms with no lone pairs is what shape?
Linear, 180 degrees
3 bonded atoms with no lone pairs is what shape?
Trigonal planar, 120 degrees
2 bonded atoms with 1 lone pair is what shape?
Bent, 120 degrees
4 bonded atoms with no lone pairs is what shape?
Tetrahedral, 109 degrees
3 bonded atoms with 1 lone pair is what shape?
Trigonal pyramidal, 109 degrees
2 bonded atoms with 2 lone pair is what shape?
Bend, 109 degrees
A + B > AB is what type of reaction?
Combination reaction
AB > A + B is what type of reaction?
Decomposition
A + BC > AC + B is what type of reaction?
Single replacement
AB + CD > AD + CB is what type of reaction?
Double replacement
What type of reaction is a combustion reaction?
When a carbon containing compound produces carbon dioxide and water
Oxidation means what?
Loss of electrons, becomes more positive, in a biological system it is a loss of hydrogen and a gain in Oxygen
Reduction means what?
Gain in electrons, becomes more negative, in a biological system it is a gain in hydrogen and a loss in oxygen
How do you find molar mass of a element?
It is the bottom number on the periodic table
How do you find the molar mass of a compound?
Add up all of the molar mass numbers found in the compound.
When calculating from grams of an element to moles of an element what do you use?
Molar Mass
When calculating moles of an element to Atoms what do you use?
Avogadro’s number
When calculating moles of a compound to Molecules for a formula what do you use?
Avogadro’s number
How do you calculate percent yield?
Percent yield=actual yield/theoretical yield X 100%
What happens in an Exothermic Reaction?
Heat is released, heat in the equation is on the product side
What happens in an Endothermic Reaction?
Heat is absorbed, heat is on the reactant side
Absolute zero is?
the coldest temperature possible
When a solid is converted directly to a gas, the change of state is called?
sublimation
What is a characteristic of the modern periodic table?
the elements in each group have similar chemical properties
What is a characteristic of nonmetals?
low melting points
Semiconductors are located in the periodic table on (or in) the ?
line dividing metals from nonmetals in the table
The smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element is?
Atom
In an atom, the nucleus contains?
all the protons and neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have?
the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons
Ionization energy is?
the energy needed to remove the least tightly bound electron
The damaging effects of radiation on the body are a result of?
the formation of unstable ions or radicals
If absorbed internally, alpha particles emitters are the most damaging because alpha particles?
have the greatest mass
A nuclear equation is balanced when?
the sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers of the particles and atoms are the same on both sides of the equation
The octet rule indicates that?
atoms lose, gain, or share valence electrons to have 8 valence electrons
In ionic compounds ? lose their valence electrons to form postiviely charged?
metals; cations
An anion always?
has a negative charge
The ? is the minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin?
activation energy
The amount of space occupied by a substance is its?
volume
the measurement of the gravitational pull on an object is its?
weight
The cubic centimeter has the same volume as?
millilter
1 cal = ? J
4.184j
