Chemistry - Examen Final Flashcards
What is chemistry?
The science that studies the matter and the change that it undergoes
What is matter?
Is anything that has mass and takes up space
What is energy?
Is the ability to do work or produce heat
What is a pure substance?
Matter with a uniform and unchanging composition
What is a mixture?
Is a combination of 2 or more pure substances in which each one retains its individual chemical properties
What is a physical change?
When you alter a substance without changing its composition
What is a chemical change?
Process that involves 1 or more substances changing into new substances
What are the subatomic particles?
The electron, proton and the neutron
What is an isotope?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
What are the quantum numbers?
The information that indicates the location of an electron in an atom
What is the electronic configuration?
The arrangement of electrons in an atom
What is the diagram of orbitals?
It represents the electrons in orbitals by using arrows and boxes
What is the Aufbau’s Principle?
It states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available
What is the Hund’s Rule?
It states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals
What is the Pauli’s Rule?
It states that a maximum of 2 electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital. But only if the electrons have opposite spins
What is the atomic radius?
It is half the distance between adjacent nuclei in a crystal of the element
What is the ionization energy?
The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
What is electron affinity?
It is a measure of the tendency of an atom to accept an electron
What is a chemical bond?
It is the force that holds 2 atoms together
What is the Octet Rule?
It states that atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to acquire a full set of 8 valence electrons
What is an ionic bond?
Force that holds ions together with opposite charges
What is a covalent bond?
The attraction force between the nuclei of non-metals and the pair of electrons that is shared between them
What is a hydrogen bond?
An electrostatic attraction, in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between 2 electronegative elements such as F, O, and N
Mention the 5 states of matter
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Plasma
- Bose-Einstein Condensate
What is the main characteristic of a solid?
It is rigid; the atoms are tightly arranged
What is the main characteristic of a liquid?
It assumes the shape of a container
What is the main characteristic of a gas?
It is compressible and flows easily
What is the main characteristic of plasma?
It is colored when being in hot temperatures
What is the main characteristic of the Bose-Einstein Condensate?
It makes a super atom in very low temperatures
Mention the characteristics of metals
- Good conductors
- High tensile strength
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Metallic luster
- Solid (except mercury)
- High densities
- High melting points
- Crystal structure
Mention the characteristics of non-metals
- Poor conductors
- Dull appearance
- Brittle
- Low densities
- Low melting points
Mention the characteristics of metalloids
- Similar to metals and non-metals
- Solid and may have luster
- Semi-conductors
In a chemical equation, what is a combustion?
When a substance, mainly hydrocarbons, react with oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide and heat (burning)
In a chemical equation, what is a neutralization?
A reaction that happens between an acid and a hydroxide, producing salt and water
