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Chemistry 1 > Chemistry Exam 3 > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

the ability of atoms in a molecule to attract electrons to itself

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2
Q

What is the electronegativity trend?

A

Up and to the right on the periodic table

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3
Q

What is the most electronegative element?

A

Fluorine

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4
Q

What group of elements are not assigned electronegativity?

A

noble gases

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5
Q

When talking about the electronegativity trend what happens when the elements are right next to each other? and what is the exception?

A

If the elements are right next to each other they are non-polar. And the exception is when the atoms are in row 2

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6
Q

Non-polar Covalent Bond

A

electrons are shared EQUALLY (example: Cl2)

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7
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

electrons are shared UNEQUALLY (example: HCl)

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8
Q

Ionic Bond

A

electrons are NO LONGER SHARED

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9
Q

In lewis structures what atom goes in the middle?

A

The LEAST electronegative element that isn’t hydrogen

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10
Q

What is formal charge?

A

the charge that an atom (in a molecule) would have if all of the atoms had the same electronegativity

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11
Q

What is the formal charge formula?

A

FC= valence electrons - lines - dots

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12
Q

What is the best lewis structure?

A

The one with the most charges closet to oxygen & puts a negative charge on the most electronegative atom

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13
Q

What are resonance structures?

A

When there is more than one lewis structure for a molecule that differs only in the position of the electrons

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14
Q

Rules of Resonance Structures

A
  1. Resonance Structures must have the same conductivity.
  2. They must have the same number of electrons
  3. Formal charges must total the same
  4. Hydrogen can never be a central atom (usually carbon is)
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15
Q

What are some things that make a better resonance structure?

A

Better structures have:
1. fewer formal charges
2. smaller formal charges
3. negative formal charge on the more electronegative atom

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16
Q

What are some exceptions to the octet rule?

A
  1. ions or molecules with an odd number of electrons (Examples: ClO2, NO, and NO2)
  2. ions or molecules with less than an octet (hypovalence) (Examples: BF3)
  3. ions or molecules with more than eight valence electrons (hypervalent) (Examples: PCl5)
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17
Q

What is hypovalance?

A

less than an octet

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18
Q

What is hypervalance?

A

more than an octet (extra valance)

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19
Q

Where are hypovalance atoms usually found?

A

groups 2 & 3

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20
Q

Where are hypervalance atoms found?

A

third row or below

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21
Q

What is the VSEPR Model?

A

it stands for valance shell electron pair repulsion, and it dictates molecular shapes based on electrons

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22
Q

Practice: How many electron domains does each compound have?:
1. CO2
2. O3
3. PCl3

A
  1. 2 electron domains
  2. 3 electron domains
  3. 4 electron domains
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23
Q

What is the predicted bond angle for Linear electron domain geometry?

A

180 degrees

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24
Q

What is the predicted bond angle for Trigonal Planar electron domain geometry?

A

120 degrees

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25
Q

What is the predicted bond angle for Tetrahedral electron domain geometry?

A

109.5 degress

26
Q

What is the predicted bond angle for Trigonal bipyramidal electron domain geometry?

A

120 & 90 degrees

27
Q

What is the predicted bond angle for Octahedral electron domain geometry?

A

90 degrees

28
Q

What does 3e- domains equal? (molecular geometries)

A

Trigonal Planar e- geometry

29
Q

What does 2e- domains +1 lone pair equal?

A

Bent molecular geometry

30
Q

What does 2e- domains equal?

A

Linear e- geometry

31
Q

What does 4e- domains equal?

A

Tetrahedral e- geometry

32
Q

What does 3e- domains +1 lone pair equal?

A

Trigonal planar molecular geometry

33
Q

What does Molecular Polarity depend on?

A

Both the polarities of the individual bonds and the geometry of the molecule

34
Q

Are carbon-hydrogen bonds polar or non-polar?

A

They are non-polar

35
Q

What is the hybrid orbital for 3 electron domains (trigonal planar geometry)?

A

sp^2

36
Q

What does blending an s and two p orbitals produce?

A

three sp^2 hybrid orbitals

37
Q

What is the hybrid orbital for 4 electron domains (tetrahedral geometry)?

A

sp^3

38
Q

What does blending an s and all 3 p orbitals produce?

A

four sp^3 hybrid orbitals

39
Q

What is the hybrid orbital for 5 electron domains (trigonal bipyramidal geometry)?

A

sp^3d

40
Q

What is the hybrid orbital for 6 electron domains (octahedral geometry)

A

sp^3d^2

41
Q

What is hybridization only related to?

A

electron geometry

42
Q

Is a single pond a pi or sigma bond?

A

sigma bond

43
Q

Are double bonds a pi or sigma bond?

A

double bond are 1 sigma + 1 pi bond= pi bond

44
Q

Are triple bonds a pi or sigma bond?

A

Triple bonds are 1 sigma + 2 pi bonds= pi bond

45
Q

What is a physical change?

A

changes that alter only the state or appearance, but not the composition (no bonds are broken or reformed)

46
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

changes that alter the composition of matter (bonds are broken or reformed)

47
Q

What side of a chemical equation are reactants on?

A

the left side

48
Q

What side of a chemical equation are products on?

A

the right side

49
Q

What has to happen in a chemical reaction?

A

conservation of matter and equal number of atoms on both sides

50
Q

Practice balancing equations

A

reference notes for practice problems

51
Q

what does (s) stand for? (states of matter)

A

solid

52
Q

what does (l) stand for? (states of matter)

A

liquid

53
Q

what does (g) stand for? (states of matter)

A

gas

54
Q

what does (aq) stand for? (states of matter)

A

dissolves in an aqueous solution

55
Q

Practice stoichiometry

A

reference notes for practice problems

56
Q

How do you find out what is the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction?

A
  1. Do two (or more based on given # of reactants) stoichiometry problems
  2. The one that makes the least product is the limiting reagent
57
Q

Practice limiting reactant problems

A

Reference notes for example

58
Q

What are the reactants in a combustion reaction?

A

they are usually carbon and always oxygen

59
Q

What are the products in a combustion reaction?

A

always H2O and mostly CO2

60
Q

What is the reactant in alkali metal reactions?

A

an alkali metal

Chemistry 1 (4 decks)

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