chemistry exam 2 on physics Flashcards
1
Q
First law of motion (law of inertia)
A
An object at rest or moving at constant speed in a straight line will continue in that state until an net external force acts upon it.
2
Q
Second law of motion (law of acceleration)
A
Force is equal to mass times acceleration
F = ma
3
Q
If multiple forces exist, the direction and acceleration are proportional to the sum of all the forces, what is this called?
A
Vectors
4
Q
Third law of motion (law of reciprocal action)
A
For every action there is equal and opposite reaction
5
Q
What is Mass?
A
Mass is the total of all matter in an object- sum of all the electrons’, protons’, and neutrons’ equal mass.
6
Q
Formula for Mass
A
M=F/a
7
Q
What requires a greater force, larger or smaller mass?
A
larger mass would require a greater force.
8
Q
What is weight?
A
Weight is total effect of gravity pulling on all these electrons, protons and neutrons of an object
Your mass remains same but weight decreases at moon surface
9
Q
what is weight measured in and what is mass measured in?
A
Weight is measured in newtons, and mass is measured in kilograms.
10
Q
formula for weight
A
Mass x force of gravity = weight
[force of gravity is equal to 9.81 m/sec squared]
11
Q
average velocity formula?
A
displacement/time
12
Q
speed formula
A
distance/time
13
Q
is velocity a vector quantity or scalar quantity?
A
Vector quantity
V with V
14
Q
is speed a scalar quantity or vector quantity?
A
Scalar quantity
S with S
15
Q
vectors express what?
A
Motion
16
Q
In an ECG vector analysis is done to determine what?
A
axis deviation of the heart.
17
Q
Out of Scalars and Vectors which one has magnitude alone and which one has both magnitude and direction?
A
Vectors have both magnitude and direction.
Scalars have magnitude alone.
18
Q
What are some examples of Vectors (which have both magnitude and direction)?
A
force, velocity, acceleration, distance and displacement.
19
Q
What are some examples of scalars which have magnitude alone?
A
mass, energy, work, speed.
20
Q
Can you add vectors together? and if so what would that give you?
A
yes you can add them together and that would give you resultant vector.
21
Q
What does negative deflection in lead I and II on an ECG show you?
A
deviation of normal axis.
22
Q
Mean QRS vector tends to point towards what condition?
A
ventricular hypertrophy and away from myocardial infarction.
23
Q
What is force?
A
Force is the amount of energy required to move an object
24
Q
formula for force?
A
Force is mass multiplied by acceleration [ F = ma]
25
What is a newton?
Force required to accelerate a 1 kg weight 1 meter per second
26
What is a Dyne?
Dyne is 100000th of newton (smaller than a newton)
A dyne is the force required to move a 1 gram weight 1 cm per second
27
What does Dyne calculate?
Dyne is used to calculate systemic vascular resistance
28
What is normal PVR and SVR?
Pulmonary vascular resistance = 100-200 dyne sec/cm5
Systemic vascular resistance = 900-1200 dyne sec/cm5
29
What factors increase pulmonary/systemic vascular resistance?
DECREASED diameter of blood vessels?
```
more specifically
Hypothermia.
Hypovolemia.
Cardiogenic shock.
Stress response.
Syndromes of low cardiac output.
```
30
used to measure the degree of neuromuscular blockade
Force measurement in accelerometery
31
what is accelerometery, How does it work?
Accelerometery uses a piezoelectric disk to generate an electric current in proportion to acceleration
32
step by step of using accelerometery with ulnar nerve stimulation to tell nerve blockade.
Ulnar nerve is stimulated which leads to contraction of adductor pollicis leading to accelerometer measures the acceleration caused by the contraction
Baseline twitch (force) is compared with a twitch suppressed by neuromuscular blocking agent
This allows quantification of the degree of neuromuscular blockade.
33
formula for SVR
MAP-CVP/ CO x 80
34
formula for SVR (so you can identify SVR but not actually calculate it)
MAP-CVP/ CO x 80
35
An example of Newtons 3rd law?
The mass of Earth “creates” a gravitational field, and the mass of objects on Earth are attracted to Earth, and simultaneously, attract Earth
36
What is gravity?
Gravity is the universal attraction between all objects
37
Gravitational pull calculation for earth is?
gearth = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
38
Do objects with a greater mass fall at the same acceleration as lesser mass objects?
Yes, a 1 lb object will hit the ground at the same time as a 50 lb object in a vacuum.
39
How does gravity affect blood flow in the lungs?
Distribution of pulmonary blood flow (not air) in standing position
- the distribution of pulmonary blood flow is uneven due to the effect of gravity.
- when supine blood flow is nearly uniform throughout the lung
- when standing it is lowest at apex(zone 1) and highest at the base of the lung (zone 3)
40
What body part is getting max blood flow when someone is standing?
Big Toe
41
formula for pressure?
pressure = force / area
42
what is pressure measured in?
Pascal (Pa)
43
Inverse relationship between pressure and area, what does this mean?
that as one increases the other decreases or vice versa.
44
Pa = ? (in g and kg?)
```
Pa = 1N / 1m squared [ 1 N = 102 grams]
Pa = 102 g/m squared
kPa = 102 kg/m squared
```
Thus 1 Pa and 1 N is the same at 102 g / m squared.
45
relationship between area and force to pressure when using syringes?
Increasing the area in which a given force is applied will result in a lower pressure. Smaller the area to which the set force is applied, the greater the pressure
Same force applied to tuberculin (TB) syringe (with small plunger area) will create greater pressure as compared to larger 10 ml syringes (with larger plunger area)
46
What will you flush a catheter with? larger or smaller syringe and why?
The smaller 1ml syringe could cause rupture do to the increased pressure
10ml syringe has less pressure
YOU WOULD USE THE LARGER SYRINGE, 10ML (POSSIBLY LARGER?)
47
Sea level in atm. pressure is?
1 atm is sea level
| 760 mmHg is sea level atmospheric pressure
48
conversions we have to memorize just bc
•torr = 1 mmHg
* 1 kPa = 10.2 cm H2O = 7.5 mmHg
* 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 bar = 100 kPa = 1020 cmH2O= 14.7 lb/inch squared
49
What is Alveoli pressure measured in and what is BP measured in?
Alveoli pressure is cm H2O
| Blood pressure in mm Hg
50
When the gauge pressure reads zero on your cylinder what is it equal to?
cylinder is the same as atmospheric pressure.
51
Invasive blood pressure monitors use a piezoelectric transducer that converts pressure waves into
electrical signals
52
manometer?
manometer is used to measure the pressure of a contained gas.
It consists of a U-shaped glass tube with one end open to the atmosphere, mercury in the bottom of the U and the gas to be measured in the other side of the U-tube. ... When the gas is added, it will exert pressure on the mercury on the other side and change in height tells you the pressure of the gas.
53
Blood pressure measurements are gauge pressures that are zeroed to
atmospheric pressure
54
Oscillometry
observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse??
55
Bourdon gauges
are used in anesthesia to measure pressure in gas cylinders
56
Tell me the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure?
Absolute pressure is atmospheric pressure plus gauge pressure. (all pressures)
Gauge pressure is absolute pressure minus atm. pressure.
Gauge pressure is zero reference at atm. pressure and reads zero at 760mmHg at sea level.
57
What is zero alveolar pressure?
zero alveolar pressure is the same as the atmospheric pressure, both alveolar and atm are = 760 mmHg but are equal. (creates a vacuum)
58
Zero reference point may also be considered what?
complete vacuum
this is true zero pressure and is the reference point when measuring absolute zero pressure.
59
What is work?
SI units for work?
work is defined as?
work is expenditure of energy
SI unit is joules, you may also see ergs
Work is defined as a force acting through a distance
60
formula for Work?
W = F x d
61
if d in the work formula is zero then what is work?
zero, because you have force but no distance thus no work.
62
Does it involve work to move gases?
Yes
63
less resistance in you lungs =?
if you have asthma then that means what in relation to work in your lungs?
less resistance = less work of breathing
asthma= more work of breathing.
64
formula for work of a gas in a cylinder?
W = Pressure times change in Volume
65
example of a state function?
Internal energy
66
What is state function?
State function is a function that is completely described by a set of parameters. Changing any of the parameters in any order results in the same change in the state function as long as the initial states and final states are the same.
Most importantly the beginning and end are the same
67
what is the capacity to do work?
potential energy
68
What is energy?
Energy is exertion of force (kinetic) or the capacity (potential ) to do work
69
energy can be expressed as what forms of work?
mechanical work, chemical reaction or heat
70
property of energy that is universal?
| Also called the Law of conservation of Energy.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only converted to other kinds of energy
71
Standard International Unit of Energy is the
Joule
72
what is one joule = to?
energy required to accelerate a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s2 over a distance of 1 meter
73
difference between calorie and Calorie?
Calorie (capitalized) is a kilocalorie or 1000 calories.
74
older unit of energy still commonly used is the calorie, what is 1 calorie?
1 calorie is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
75
what is kinetic energy?
The energy of movement.
76
Example of kinetic energy?
```
Nitrous oxide (N2O) molecules racing through a tube towards patient have kinetic energy
(follows the concentration gradient)
```
77
formula for Kinetic Energy?
KE = 0.5 x mass x velocity
KE = 1/2mv
78
What is potential energy?
stored energy waiting to be used
79
example of potential energy?
Compressed gases and chemical bonds represent potential energy
80
formula for potential energy?
PE = mass x gravity x height
PE= mgh
81
What is Entropy?
a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system.
Mo's slide states: Entropy is the universe’s trend to equilibrate all things
82
When does entropy end?
when all energy is equally distributed
83
in what direction does energy (in relation to concentration) move?
from higher concentration to lower concentration.
84
The higher the concentration gradient the the higher or lower the speed of flow?
the higher the concentration gradient then the higher the speed of flow.
85
Processes allowed by Entropy? (trying to get to equilibrium)
Every thing from ice melting to gas expansion
Induction of general anesthesia by diffusion
86
Definition of Power?
Power is the rate of doing work or, the rate of expending energy
87
The unit of power is the ?
watt
88
In an endothermic process where does the heat flow?
heat flows from the surroundings into the system.
89
In an exothermic process where does the heat flow?
heat flows from the system out into the surroundings.
| think exothermic= exit, heat exits the body
90
When a hot body and cold body are brought into thermal contact which way does the heat flow?
Heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cold body.
| heat is moving not cold
91
It is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero?
No, it is a theoretical value. absolute zero is void of all energy.
92
what is the value of absolute zero?
0 Kelvin or -273.15 C
93
Full long definition of Law of Conservation of Energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the amount of heat energy added to the system minus the work done by the system on the surroundings.
94
what is temperature a measurement of?
Temperature is a measurement of the thermal state of an object.
Temperature is the quantitative measurement of that energy.
95
conversions of K C and F to one another.
```
F = 1.8 (C) + 32
C = (F-32) / 1.8
K = C + 273
C = K - 273
```
96
The four ways to lose heat?
radiation, convection, evaporation, conduction
97
what path (flow) does heat energy take?
heat energy moves from higher to lower concentration.
98
Will your vessels constrict or dilate on a hot day?
on a very hot day your vessels will dilate to promote heat loss. (why when you are hot you get flushed, your body is trying to cool off by letting go of some heat stored in the blood)
Thus on a very cold day your vessels will constrict to prevent heat loss.
99
Thermoregulatory mechanism is disrupted under anesthesia (especially volatile anesthetics) What regulator mechanism would that be?
hypothalamus!
With anesthesia the hypothalamus becomes non functional thus temp. can not be regulated. Risk high in children especially newborns who can not shiver.
100
When your body vasodilates in effort to lose heat and drop your core temp, at what hour is the greatest decrease?
The first hour
101
Most significant mechanism for heat loss under anesthesia?
Radiation!
| Head loses greatest amount of heat due to high percentage of blood flow.
102
When your hypothalmus fails in a hot environment it is know as?
hot temps = heat stroke
103
Tell me how convection causes you to lose heat? (2nd largest cause of heat loss under anesthesia)
Convection is heat loss by air current. Cold air replaces hot air around body leading to a drop in body temperature
104
what is conduction?
Conduction is transfer of heat by physically touching the objects e.g. cold operating table
Reverse the heat loss by using warm blankets.
105
what patient population is at high risk for losing heat through conduction?
pediatric patients
106
What is a mechanism that generates heat?
Shivering, if no shivering than more hypothermia. (babies can not shiver)
107
What is evaporation?
when water converts into gas form
108
How much energy or calories does it take to convert 1 g of water to vapor?
2500 joules or 600 calories (NOT Calories)
109
liquids during surgical prep that can cause heat loss by evaporation?
isopropyl alcohol and iodine.
110
Why would you use in line humidifying devices?
Inhaling cold air and exhaling warm air causing heat loss especially in children
111
Ways to prevent heat loss?
Use of warming devices
Forced air warmer (Bair hugger) is the most effect way
Lower gas flow rate
Humidifying system
Warm operating room
Covering and insulating patient
112
Heat loss from greatest to least?
1. Radiation
2. convection
3. evaporation
4. conduction
113
What is heat?
Heat is thermal energy
