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Chemistry > Chemistry EOY > Flashcards

Chemistry EOY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made of only one type of atom (Nitrogen and oxygen)

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of two or more types of atom chemically joined in a fixed ratio (Carbon dioxide)

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3
Q

What is a mixture

A

A substance made of two or more elements not chemically joined and in a ratio that varies (Sea water)

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4
Q

What was the composition of the early atmosphere?

A

Mostly CO2, some water, nitrogen, ammonia and methane.

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5
Q

What is the composition of the atmospheree?

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, ~ 1% other gases such as argon

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6
Q

Define independent variable

A

The variable you change in a practical

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7
Q

Define dependent variable

A

The variable you measure in a practical

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8
Q

Define control variable

A

The variable you keep the same to make the experiment valild

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9
Q

Test for CO2

A

Turns limewater milky and cloudy

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10
Q

Test for O2

A

Relights a glowing splint

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11
Q

Test for H2

A

Lit splint makes a squeaky pop

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12
Q

Respiration word equation;

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water

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13
Q

Structure of the atmosphere

A

Troposhere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

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14
Q

Where is the ozone layer?

A

Stratosphere

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15
Q

Formula of oxygen

A

O2

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16
Q

Formula of ozone

A

O3

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17
Q

What does ozone do to UV light?

A

It absorbs UV

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18
Q

What do CFC’S do to the ozone layer?

A

CFC’s are broken up by UV light and release chlorine which destroy ozone molecules

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19
Q

How is carbon dioxide released naturally?

A

Respiration
Decomposition of plants
Volcanoes erupt

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20
Q

How is methane released naturally?

A

Cows burping
Food waste breaking down

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21
Q

How do humans release carbon dioxide?

A

Burning fossil fuels
Combustion

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22
Q

How do humans release methane?

A

Coal mining
Waste-water treatment

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23
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A
  1. The sun emits solar radiation
  2. Most is absorbed by the Earth
  3. Infared is re-emitted and absorbed by greenhouse gases
  4. They are trapped and the Earth warms up
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24
Q

How do greenhouse gases increase the temperature of the atmosphere?

A

As they trap heat in the atmosphere, therefor increasing temperatujres

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25
Q

How can human activity change the proportion of gases in the atmosphere?

A

Burning fossil fuels, killing livestock and deforestation releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

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26
Q

What is the difference between global warming and climate change?

A

Global warming is the long-term increase in Earth’s temperature. Climate change is the long-term change in the Earth’s climate.

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27
Q

How are particles in a solid arranged?

A

Uniform order
Fixed shape

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28
Q

How are particles in a liquid arranged

A

Random order
Close together

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29
Q

How are particles in a gas arranged?

A

Scattered around

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30
Q

How do particles in a solid move?

A

Vibrate around a fixed position

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31
Q

How do particles in a liquid move?

A

Move slightly

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32
Q

How do particles in a gas move?

A

Move freely and fast

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33
Q

What happens as a solid gets hotter

A

The particles vibrate faster

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34
Q

Can a liquid be compressed?

A

No

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35
Q

Can a gas be compressed

A

Yes

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36
Q

Solid to liquid

A

Melting

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37
Q

Liquid to gas

A

Evaporation

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38
Q

Gas to liquid

A

Condensation

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39
Q

Liquid to solid

A

Freezing

40
Q

Solid to gas

A

Sublimation

41
Q

Gas to solid

A

Deposition

42
Q

Properties of metals

A

Usually shiny
Malleable and ductile
Good conductors of electricity
High melting points

43
Q

Properties of non-metals

A

Usually dull
Brittle
Insulators of electricity
Low melting points

44
Q

Acids react with some metals to form what?

A

Salt + Hydrogen

45
Q

Metal carbonate + Acid –> ?

A

Salt, carbon dioxide and water

46
Q

Acid + Alkali –> ?

A

Salt + Water

47
Q

Define alloy

A

A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal

48
Q

Properties of alloys

A

Strong
Resistant to corrosion
Ductile
High melting point

49
Q

Soluble

A

Solid that can dissolve in a liquid

50
Q

Insoluble

A

Solid that can’t dissolve in a liquid

51
Q

Solution

A

A mixture when a solid dissolves in a liquid

52
Q

Residue

A

Substance left on the filter paper after filtration

53
Q

Filtration

A

A seperating technique used to seperate soluble materials

54
Q

Evaporate

A

To change from a liquid to a gas/vapour

55
Q

Crystallisation

A

When a solid is left behindv when the liquid in a solution evaporates

56
Q

How to seperate salt and sand?

A

Filter the salt and sand into a conical flask.
Put an evaporating dish on a bunsen burner and wait for crystallization to occur

57
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

A seperation technique that uses heating and cooling (evaporation and condenation to purify substances)

58
Q

Why does water transfer energy more effectively than air?

A

As it is a good heat conductor

59
Q

Why is hot water less dense than cold water?

A

As when water is heated up, there is more space between the molecules as they bounce off eachother and move further apart.

60
Q

How much CO2 released by humans is absorbed by oceans?

A

30-40%

61
Q

How is CO2 absorbed by the ocean?

A

Plants in the ocean take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

62
Q

What happened to most of the water vapour in Earth’s early atmosphere?

A

As the Earth cooled, the water vapour condensed and formed oceans.

63
Q

What happened to most of the water vapour in Earth’s early atmosphere?

A

As the Earth cooled, the water vapour condensed and formed oceans.

64
Q

How do humans release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

A

Fossil fuels are dug up and undergo combustion which releases carbon dioxide. Deforestation releases carbon dioxide from trees.

65
Q

What forms when CO2 dissolves in the ocean?

A

Carbonic acid

66
Q

What downsides are there when CO2 dissolves in the water?

A

The ocean is more acidic.
Reduces the pH
Coral and plankton are unable to form shells and skeletons due to pH

67
Q

How do you do simple distillation?

A

The salt solution is placed into a flask and heated until it boils.
The water turns into a gas but the salt stays behind in the flask.
The steam passes into the condenser . The condenser is a tube which is surrounded by a layer of cold water. …
The distillate is pure water.

68
Q

How is crude oil turned into plastics/

A

Fossil fuels are drilled for oil
Crude oil - Made up of lot of different fractions
Fractional distialltion makes different fractions of crude oil
Monomers –> Polymers

69
Q

What do many monomers turn into?

A

When bonded to other monomers, they turn into polymers

70
Q

What is a thermoplastic?

A

A plastic which can be molded and is malleable when heated up

71
Q

What is a thermosetting plastic?

A

Can be heated up once

71
Q

What is a thermosoftening plastic?

A

Can be heated multiple times

72
Q

What is crosslinking?

A

The process of two polymer chains bonding together

73
Q

Why are starch polymers being used?

A

As they are biodegradable, renewable and abundant

74
Q

How can chemical changes be identified?

A

Light or heat being given off
Gas given off/bubbling
Changes in colour
New solid formed

75
Q

What are the 3 elements of the fire triangle

A

Heat, oxygen and fuel

76
Q

What is combustion?

A

A fuel is heated and reacts with oxygen to form fire

77
Q

What in the air is used in combustion?

A

Oxygen

78
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon

79
Q

What happens when a hydrocarbon is burned?

A

Carbon dioxide and water is released

80
Q

What is the chemical test for water?

A

White copper sulfate turns blue

81
Q

What is the chemical test for carbon dioxide?

A

Limewater turns cloudy

82
Q

Word equation for the combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water

83
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to completely burn. Less energy is released and water is made. Instead of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or soot can be formed.

84
Q

What energy is released when fuels burn?

A

Heat and light energy

85
Q

What happens when methane is burned?

A

Carbon dioxide and water is released as methane is a hydrocarbon

86
Q

Malleable definition

A

Electrons can slide over eachother

87
Q

Conductor definition

A

Electrons are able to move

88
Q

What is a physical change?

A

A change in state where no new substance is formed.

89
Q

How to spot a physical change?

A

Colour change
Change in size or shape
Change in state of matter

90
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur

A

When there is not enough oxygen

91
Q

Complete combustion word equation?

A

Fuel + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water

92
Q

What colour of flame indicates incomplete combustion is occurring?

A

Yellow

93
Q

What colour of flame indicates complete combustion is occurring?

A

Blue

94
Q

What is burning?

A

Undergo combustion

Chemistry (1 decks)

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