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Chemistry EOY Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made of only one type of atom (Nitrogen and oxygen)

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of two or more types of atom chemically joined in a fixed ratio (Carbon dioxide)

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3
Q

What is a mixture

A

A substance made of two or more elements not chemically joined and in a ratio that varies (Sea water)

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4
Q

What was the composition of the early atmosphere?

A

Mostly CO2, some water, nitrogen, ammonia and methane.

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5
Q

What is the composition of the atmospheree?

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, ~ 1% other gases such as argon

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6
Q

Define independent variable

A

The variable you change in a practical

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7
Q

Define dependent variable

A

The variable you measure in a practical

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8
Q

Define control variable

A

The variable you keep the same to make the experiment valild

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9
Q

Test for CO2

A

Turns limewater milky and cloudy

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10
Q

Test for O2

A

Relights a glowing splint

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11
Q

Test for H2

A

Lit splint makes a squeaky pop

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12
Q

Respiration word equation;

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water

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13
Q

Structure of the atmosphere

A

Troposhere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

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14
Q

Where is the ozone layer?

A

Stratosphere

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15
Q

Formula of oxygen

A

O2

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16
Q

Formula of ozone

A

O3

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17
Q

What does ozone do to UV light?

A

It absorbs UV

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18
Q

What do CFC’S do to the ozone layer?

A

CFC’s are broken up by UV light and release chlorine which destroy ozone molecules

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19
Q

How is carbon dioxide released naturally?

A

Respiration
Decomposition of plants
Volcanoes erupt

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20
Q

How is methane released naturally?

A

Cows burping
Food waste breaking down

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21
Q

How do humans release carbon dioxide?

A

Burning fossil fuels
Combustion

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22
Q

How do humans release methane?

A

Coal mining
Waste-water treatment

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23
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A
  1. The sun emits solar radiation
  2. Most is absorbed by the Earth
  3. Infared is re-emitted and absorbed by greenhouse gases
  4. They are trapped and the Earth warms up
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24
Q

How do greenhouse gases increase the temperature of the atmosphere?

A

As they trap heat in the atmosphere, therefor increasing temperatujres

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25
How can human activity change the proportion of gases in the atmosphere?
Burning fossil fuels, killing livestock and deforestation releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
26
What is the difference between global warming and climate change?
Global warming is the long-term increase in Earth's temperature. Climate change is the long-term change in the Earth's climate.
27
How are particles in a solid arranged?
Uniform order Fixed shape
28
How are particles in a liquid arranged
Random order Close together
29
How are particles in a gas arranged?
Scattered around
30
How do particles in a solid move?
Vibrate around a fixed position
31
How do particles in a liquid move?
Move slightly
32
How do particles in a gas move?
Move freely and fast
33
What happens as a solid gets hotter
The particles vibrate faster
34
Can a liquid be compressed?
No
35
Can a gas be compressed
Yes
36
Solid to liquid
Melting
37
Liquid to gas
Evaporation
38
Gas to liquid
Condensation
39
Liquid to solid
Freezing
40
Solid to gas
Sublimation
41
Gas to solid
Deposition
42
Properties of metals
Usually shiny Malleable and ductile Good conductors of electricity High melting points
43
Properties of non-metals
Usually dull Brittle Insulators of electricity Low melting points
44
Acids react with some metals to form what?
Salt + Hydrogen
45
Metal carbonate + Acid --> ?
Salt, carbon dioxide and water
46
Acid + Alkali --> ?
Salt + Water
47
Define alloy
A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal
48
Properties of alloys
Strong Resistant to corrosion Ductile High melting point
49
Soluble
Solid that can dissolve in a liquid
50
Insoluble
Solid that can't dissolve in a liquid
51
Solution
A mixture when a solid dissolves in a liquid
52
Residue
Substance left on the filter paper after filtration
53
Filtration
A seperating technique used to seperate soluble materials
54
Evaporate
To change from a liquid to a gas/vapour
55
Crystallisation
When a solid is left behindv when the liquid in a solution evaporates
56
How to seperate salt and sand?
Filter the salt and sand into a conical flask. Put an evaporating dish on a bunsen burner and wait for crystallization to occur
57
What is simple distillation?
A seperation technique that uses heating and cooling (evaporation and condenation to purify substances)
58
Why does water transfer energy more effectively than air?
As it is a good heat conductor
59
Why is hot water less dense than cold water?
As when water is heated up, there is more space between the molecules as they bounce off eachother and move further apart.
60
How much CO2 released by humans is absorbed by oceans?
30-40%
61
How is CO2 absorbed by the ocean?
Plants in the ocean take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
62
What happened to most of the water vapour in Earth's early atmosphere?
As the Earth cooled, the water vapour condensed and formed oceans.
63
What happened to most of the water vapour in Earth's early atmosphere?
As the Earth cooled, the water vapour condensed and formed oceans.
64
How do humans release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
Fossil fuels are dug up and undergo combustion which releases carbon dioxide. Deforestation releases carbon dioxide from trees.
65
What forms when CO2 dissolves in the ocean?
Carbonic acid
66
What downsides are there when CO2 dissolves in the water?
The ocean is more acidic. Reduces the pH Coral and plankton are unable to form shells and skeletons due to pH
67
How do you do simple distillation?
The salt solution is placed into a flask and heated until it boils. The water turns into a gas but the salt stays behind in the flask. The steam passes into the condenser . The condenser is a tube which is surrounded by a layer of cold water. ... The distillate is pure water.
68
How is crude oil turned into plastics/
Fossil fuels are drilled for oil Crude oil - Made up of lot of different fractions Fractional distialltion makes different fractions of crude oil Monomers --> Polymers
69
What do many monomers turn into?
When bonded to other monomers, they turn into polymers
70
What is a thermoplastic?
A plastic which can be molded and is malleable when heated up
71
What is a thermosetting plastic?
Can be heated up once
71
What is a thermosoftening plastic?
Can be heated multiple times
72
What is crosslinking?
The process of two polymer chains bonding together
73
Why are starch polymers being used?
As they are biodegradable, renewable and abundant
74
How can chemical changes be identified?
Light or heat being given off Gas given off/bubbling Changes in colour New solid formed
75
What are the 3 elements of the fire triangle
Heat, oxygen and fuel
76
What is combustion?
A fuel is heated and reacts with oxygen to form fire
77
What in the air is used in combustion?
Oxygen
78
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound of hydrogen and carbon
79
What happens when a hydrocarbon is burned?
Carbon dioxide and water is released
80
What is the chemical test for water?
White copper sulfate turns blue
81
What is the chemical test for carbon dioxide?
Limewater turns cloudy
82
Word equation for the combustion of a hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water
83
What is incomplete combustion?
When there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to completely burn. Less energy is released and water is made. Instead of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or soot can be formed.
84
What energy is released when fuels burn?
Heat and light energy
85
What happens when methane is burned?
Carbon dioxide and water is released as methane is a hydrocarbon
86
Malleable definition
Electrons can slide over eachother
87
Conductor definition
Electrons are able to move
88
What is a physical change?
A change in state where no new substance is formed.
89
How to spot a physical change?
Colour change Change in size or shape Change in state of matter
90
When does incomplete combustion occur
When there is not enough oxygen
91
Complete combustion word equation?
Fuel + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water
92
What colour of flame indicates incomplete combustion is occurring?
Yellow
93
What colour of flame indicates complete combustion is occurring?
Blue
94
What is burning?
Undergo combustion

Chemistry (1 decks)

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