Chemistry end of year revision y9 Flashcards
list some properties and uses of Glass Ceramics
Transparent and strong, glass insulates against heat
Glass ceramics are also more durable than other materials hence they are better suited for use in windows than plastic
Most of the glass produced is soda-lime glass which is made by heating a mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate (soda) until it melts
On cooling it solidifies to form glass
A variation is borosilicate glass which is made using sand and boron trioxide and has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass
list properties and uses of clay ceramics
Clay Ceramics
These are hardened materials that resist compressive forces
Clay is a soft material dug up from the earth which hardens at high temperatures and when it is fired, produces a very strong and hard material
This allows bricks to be used to build walls which withstand the weight and pressure of the material bearing downwards on itself
list some properties nd uses of polymers
Polymers
Usually tough and flexible, some specialist polymers can be brittle
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
These properties are extremely useful for insulating electrical wiring as they prevent electric shocks and overheating
lsit some properties and uses of composites
Composites
Made from two components: reinforcement and matrix
The matrix is what binds the reinforcement together
Common examples include fibreglass and steel reinforced concrete
The properties of composites depend on the reinforcement and matrix used so composites can be tailor engineered to meet specific needs
list some properties and uses of metals
Metals
Shiny, malleable and ductile so can be hammered into different shapes
Can be mixed with other elements to form alloys, which have different properties to the elements they contain
Corrosion resistant metals can be produced which last longer than other metals
Good conductors of heat and electricity
what is the difference between alloys and composites
Alloys are uniform mixtures of metals whereas composites have two or more distinguishable materials.
give examples and uses of 2 types of composites
justify why
Reinforced concrete
Steel reinforced concrete has immense tensile and compressive strength allowing it to be used as columns and supporting structures in construction
Carbon-Fibre Composites
Carbon fibres composites are extremely strong and low weight, hence they are used in aviation, aeronautics and for making professional racing bicycles
polymers can be moulded easily into an infinite variety of shapes
explain why
they have low melting point
evaluate the advantages of recycling metals and how recycling can preserve both the environment and the supply of valuable raw materials.
- Recycling of metals enables us to preserve natural resources.
- Recycling emits less carbon dioxide and other harmful gases.
Aluminiu for example
£36,000,000 worth of aluminium is thrown away each year.
Aluminium cans can be recycled and ready to use in just 6 weeks.
1 recycled tin can would save enough energy to power a television for 3 hours.
•Chose two properties of steel alloy that make it suitable for use as the ball in a hip joint.
A.Unreactive
B.good thermal conductor
C.good electrical conductor
D.Magnetic
E.High density
F.Strong
a
f
describe the recycling of some materials
cans
paper
plastic bottles
label the diagram
Outer layer of the Earth. The thinnest layer of the four. Solid rock layer that we live upon.
crust
Liquid layer of the core. Extremely hot. Made up of iron and nickel.
outer core
Hottest part of the Erath. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel.
inner core
Widest section of the Earth. Made up of semi-molten rock called Magma.
mantle
What are tectonic plates?
Tectonic plates are pieces of the rocky outer layer of the Earth known as the crust. These plates are constantly moving, and volcanoes and earthquakes are found at plate boundaries.
•Why do tectonic plates move?
plate movement is driven by a mechanism called slab pull. Slab pull occurs where older, denser tectonic plates sink into the mantle. As these older sections of plates sink, newer and less dense sections of plate are pulled along behind. Sinking in one place leads to plates spreading apart in other places.
how do volcanos form?
Earthquakes and volcanoes are primarily found at plate boundaries. The plates are like giant rafts that slowly move around. At the boundaries between plates, molten magma is able to force its way to the surface and escape as lava.
How could we determine if a substance is pure or impure?
melting and boiling points
fill in the table
list the 3 types of rocks and give examples
igneous (for example, basalt and granite)
sedimentary (for example, limestone, sandstone and shale)
metamorphic (for example, slate and marble)
summarize the rock cycle
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Chromatography
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Can you name two examples of compounds?
H2O
Co2
Which of the following, if any, is a pure substance?
- Sea water
- Water in a mountain stream
- Distilled water in the school science laboratory
- None of the above
None of the above
evaporation and condensation, Physical processes, or chemical processes?
explain why
Physical processes,
do not break chemical bonds.
Impurities ———–the boiling point and —————-the melting point of water.
Impurities increase the boiling point and decrease the melting point of water.
a separation technique used to separate a solvent from a mixture
Distillation
If there are two different liquids with different boiling points, they can also be separated using —————.
If there are two different liquids with different boiling points, they can also be separated using fractional distillation.
Examples of sedimentary rock are:
chalk
limestone
shale
sandstone
what are the processes of making the sedimentary rock
transport → deposition → sedimentation → compaction → cementation
———-igneous rocks form from magma that erupted onto the surface as lava, where it cooled quickly. On the other hand, ———-igneous rocks form from magma that cooled slowly, deep underground.
Extrusive igneous rocks form from magma that erupted onto the surface as lava, where it cooled quickly. On the other hand, intrusive igneous rocks form from magma that cooled slowly, deep underground.
Metamorphic rocks rarely contain fossils.
explain why
Metamorphic rocks are formed from other rocks that are changed because of heat or pressure.
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difference between physical and chemical reactions
Physical changes, such as melting, boiling and dissolving, do not make new chemicals. They are usually easy to reverse.
In a chemical reaction, chemical bonds between atoms are broken and made, so the atoms get rearranged into new substances.
what happens to atoms in chemical reactions?
Atoms are rearranged during a chemical reaction, but the number of atoms does not change.
The simplest kind of chemical reactions involve two ——-reacting together to make a ———–.
The simplest kind of chemical reactions involve two elements reacting together to make a compound.
what are the evidences of chemical reactions?
Evidence of chemical reactions includes a large temperature change, bubbles, or a colour change.
Can you name some differences between a physical change and a chemical reaction?
Physical changes like melting and dissolving are usually easy to reverse, but chemical reactions are usually impossible to undo.
Chemical reactions often involve a large energy change, bubbles, or a colour change as new chemical reactions are made
Summarise the following reaction with a symbol equation, including state symbols.
Liquid hexane (C₆H₁₄) reacts with oxygen gas (O₂). The products are carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) and liquid water (H₂O).
C₆H₁₄(l) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)
During chemical reactions or a change of state, atoms are created or destroyed
true /false
false
no atom are created or destroyed
the mass of the frozen water is the same as the mass of the liquid water
explain why
No atoms were created or destroyed, so the mass of the water/ice stayed the same.
Law of Conservation of Mass.
when a physical change or chemical reaction happens, the mass of the chemicals before is the same as the mass of the chemicals after.
How much carbon is needed to produce 88 g of carbon dioxide, if 64 g is oxygen?
88 g - 64 g = 24 g
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examples of bases
metal oxides, such as copper oxide
metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, or
metal carbonates, such as calcium carbonate
