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Physical Science Definitions Grade 11 > Chemistry Definitions > Flashcards

Chemistry Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define one mole.

A

The amount of substance having the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12g carbon-12.

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2
Q

Definition of Avagadro’s Number.

A

The number of particles in one mole.

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3
Q

Define Molecular Mass.

A

Sum of all the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of a substance.

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4
Q

Define Relative Atomic Mass.

A

The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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5
Q

Define Relative Molecular/Formula Mass.

A

The sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the molecule.

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6
Q

Define Molar Mass.

A

The mass of one mole of a substance measured in g.mol-1.

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7
Q

What is concentration?

A

The amount of solute per litre of solution.

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8
Q

What is percentage composition?

A

It expresses the mass of each element in a compound as a percentage of the total mass of the compound.

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9
Q

Define Molecular Formula.

A

The actual ratio of atoms in a molecule or compound.

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10
Q

Volume of gases at STP.

A

One mole of any gas has a volume of 22,4dm3 at 273 K (0 degrees) and 101,3 kPa (1 atmosphere).

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11
Q

What is Avagadro’s Law?

A

Equal volume of all gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules.

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12
Q

Define the term standard solution.

A

Any solution that has a precise, known concentration.

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13
Q

What is a limiting reagents?

A

The reactant that is used up first during a reaction. It determines the amount of product that forms.

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14
Q

Define what an excess reactant is.

A

It is the reactant of which some remains at the end of the reaction.

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15
Q

Define enthalpy.

A

The total amount of chemical potential energy in a chemical system.

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16
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that absorbs energy.

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17
Q

Define what an exothermic reaction is.

A

A reaction that releases energy.

18
Q

What is bond energy?

A

The energy absorbed when bonds break, or released when new bonds form.

19
Q

Define collision theory.

A

It states that for a reaction to occur between atoms, ions or molecules, they must collide.

20
Q

How must particles collide to make collision effective?

A
  • with sufficient energy

* with correct orientation

21
Q

Define what activation energy is.

A

The minimum energy needed for a faction to take place.

22
Q

What is the activated complex?

A

The unstable transition state from reactants to products.

23
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that changes/increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change or being used up.

24
Q

Define what an Arrhenius Acid is.

A

An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) / hydrogen ions (H30+) when it dissolves in water.

25
Q

What is an Arrhenius Base?

A

A base is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (OH-) when it dissolves in water.

26
Q

What are the limits to the Arrhenius Theory?

A
  • It doesn’t explain reactions with solvents which aren’t water.
  • It doesn’t explain bases such as NH3 that still produce (OH-) but contain no oxygen.
27
Q

Brønsted-Lowry Acid:

A

An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor.

28
Q

Brønsted-Lowry Base:

A

A base is a proton (H+ ion) acceptor.

29
Q

What is a monoprotic acid?

A

An acid which can only donate ONE proton.

30
Q

What is a Polyprotic Acid?

A

An Acid which can donate MORE than one proton.

31
Q

What is a conjugate acid-base pair?

A
  • When an acid donates a proton it becomes a conjugate base.

* When a base accepts a proton it becomes a conjugate acid.

32
Q

Define the term ampholyte.

A

It is an amphiprotic substance. It is a substance that can act as either a base or an acid.

33
Q

What is an acid-base indicator?

A

It is a weak acid or base which changes colour as the H+ ion concentration or the (OH-) ion concentration in a solution changes.

34
Q

Define the term acid-base titration. (Neutralisation)

A

The reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide (base).

35
Q

What is oxidation and reduction?

A
  • Oxidation: the loss of electrons.

* Reduction: the gain of electrons.

36
Q

Define reducing agent.

A

A substance that is oxidised / that loses electrons / whose oxidation number increases.

37
Q

What is a oxidising agent?

A

A substance that is reduced / that gains electrons / whose oxidation number decreases.

38
Q

What is an oxidation number?

A

The oxidation number of an element is a number assigned to each element in a compound to keep track of the movement of electrons during a reaction.

39
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A solution which is able to conduct an electric current.

40
Q

What is the function of a salt bridge?

A

To keep the electrolyte solutions neutral.

Physical Science Definitions Grade 11 (2 decks)

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