Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A LEVEL MOCKS > Chemistry definitions > Flashcards

Chemistry definitions Flashcards

Key definitions for AS chemistry

1
Q

DEFINE: Relative Isotopic Mass

A

The mass of an atom of a isotope compared with one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DEFINE: Relative Atomic Mass

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom of a element compared with one-twelfth the mass of an carbon-12 atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DEFINE: Relative molecular mass

A

The weighted mean mass of a molecule compared to the mass of one-twelfth the mass of an carbon-12 atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DEFINE: Relative Formula Mass

A

The weighted mean mass of a formula unit compared with one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DEFINE: Avogrado Constant

A

The number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope (6.02 x10^23)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DEFINE: A Mole

A

A mole is the amount of substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in 12g of the carbon-12 isotope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DEFINE: Molar mass

A

Mass per mole of a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DEFINE: Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DEFINE: Concentration

A

IS the amount of solute in mol dissolved per dm^3 of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DEFINE: Species

A

Any type of particle that takes part in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DEFINE: Acid

A

A acid is a species that is a proton donor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DEFINE: Base

A

A base is a species that is a proton acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DEFINE: Alkali

A

A type of base that dissolves in water forming OH- (hydroxide ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DEFINE: Salt

A

any chemical compound formed from a acid when a H+ ion from the acid has been replaced by a metal/positive ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DEFINE: Cation

A

a postively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DEFINE: Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DEFINE: Water of crystallisation

A

It refers to the water molecules that form an essential part if the crystalline structure of a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DEFINE: Hydrated

A

crystalline compound containing water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DEFINE: Anhydrous

A

substance containing no water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DEFINE: Oxdiation number

A

measure of the number of electrons that a atom uses to bond with another element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DEFINE: Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons or increase in Oxdiation number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DEFINE: Reductions

A

gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DEFINE: Redox reaction

A

a reaction is which both reduction and oxidation take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DEFINE: Reducing Agent

A

a reagent that reduces another species ( it adds a electron to )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

DEFINE: Oxidising agent

A

a reagent that oxidises (takes a electron from) anther species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DEFINE: FIRST IE

A

energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mol of gaseous atoms to form one mol of gaseous 1+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

DEFINE: Electron shielding

A

repulsion between electrons in different inner shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DEFINE: Shelll

A

A shell is a group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number, n. (Shell no.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

DEFINE: Atomic Orbital

A

region within a atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

DEFINE: Sub-shell

A

a group of same type of atomic orbitals (s,p,d or f) within a shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

DEFINE: Electron Configuration

A

the arrangements of electrons in a atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

DEFINE: Ionic bond

A

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

DEFINE: Giant Ionic Lattice

A

3D structure of oppositely charger ions held together by strong ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

DEFINE: Covalent bond

A

Bond formed by a shared pair of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

DEFINE: Lone pair

A

outer she’ll pair of electrons not involved in chemical bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

DEFINE: DATIVE COVALENT BOND

A

Shared pair of electrons which has even provided by one of the bonding atoms only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

DEFINE: Electronegativity

A

Measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in the covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

DEFINE: Permanent Dipole

A

Small charge difference across a bond that results from a difference in electronegativitys in the atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

DEFINE: Polar Covalent Bond

A

Permanent dipole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

DEFINE: Polar molecule

A

A molecule that has an overall dipole when you take into accounts any dipoles across bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

DEFINE: Intermolecular Force

A

Attractive force between neighbouring molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

DEFINE: Permanent dipole-dipole force

A

weak attractive force between permanent dipoles in neighbouring polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

DEFINE: Van der Waal’s

A

Attractive forces between induced dipoles in neighbouring molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

DEFINE: Hydrogen bond

A

Strong dipole-dipole attraction between a electron-deficient hydrogen atom on one molecule and a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom on a different molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

DEFINE: Metallic Bonding

A

Electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

DEFINE: Delocalised Electrons

A

Electrons that are shared between more than two atoms

47
Q

DEFINE: Giant Metallic Lattice

A

A 3D structure of positive metal ions and delocalised electrons bonded together by strong metallic bonds

48
Q

DEFINE: Giant Covalent Lattice

A

3D Structure of atoms bonded together by strong covalent bonds

49
Q

DEFINE: Simple molecular lattice

A

3D structure of molecules bonded together by weak intermolecular forces

50
Q

DEFINE: Periodicity

A

Regular periodic variation of properties of elements with atomic number and position in the periodic table

51
Q

DEFINE: Thermal Decomposition

A

Breaking up of a chemical substance with heat into at least two chemical substances

52
Q

DEFINE: Displacement reaction

A

Reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less-reactive element from an aqueous solution of the latter’s ions

53
Q

DEFINE: Disproportionation

A

The oxidation and reduction of the same element in a redox reactions

54
Q

DEFINE: Precipitation Reaction

A

Formation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction

55
Q

DEFINE: Hydrocarbon

A

A organic compound containing only a carbon and hydrogen

56
Q

DEFINE: Saturated Hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon with single bonds only

57
Q

DEFINE: Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds

58
Q

DEFINE: Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

59
Q

DEFINE: Alicyclic Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

60
Q

DEFINE: Functional Group

A

Part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions

61
Q

DEFINE: Homologous Series

A

Series of organic compounds with the same functional group but each successive member differing by ch2

62
Q

DEFINE: Nomenclature

A

System of naming compounds

63
Q

DEFINE: Alkyl group

A

A alkane with a hydrogen atom removed

64
Q

DEFINE: General Formula

A

Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. e.g CnH2n+2

65
Q

DEFINE: Displayed formula

A

Shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

66
Q

DEFINE: Structural Formula

A

Shows the minimal detail of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

67
Q

DEFINE: Skeletal Formula

A

Simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

68
Q

DEFINE: Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangements of the atoms in space

69
Q

DEFINE: Structural Isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas

70
Q

DEFINE: Homolytic Fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond with one of the electron in the bond going to each atom forming two radicals

71
Q

DEFINE: Radical

A

Species with an unpaired electron

72
Q

DEFINE: Heterolytic Fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one atoms forming a cation and an anion

73
Q

DEFINE: Nucleophile

A

An atom or group that is attracted to an electron deficient centre where it donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

74
Q

DEFINE: Electrophile

A

An atom or group that is attracted to an electron rich centre where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

75
Q

DEFINE: Fractional Distillation

A

Separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point.

76
Q

DEFINE: Cracking

A

Cracking is the breakdown of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chained alkanes and alkenes.

77
Q

DEFINE: Catalyst

A

Substance that increases the rate of reaction without being used up in the process

78
Q

DEFINE: Isomerisation

A

Converting unbranched alkanes into branched alkanes

79
Q

DEFINE: Reforming

A

Converting aliphatic (straight/branched alkanes) into cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons

80
Q

DEFINE: Radical Substitution

A

Type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms

81
Q

DEFINE: Mechanism

A

Sequence of steps showing the path an electron takes in a reactions

82
Q

DEFINE: Initiation

A

First step in a radical substitution in which free radicals are generated using UV radiation/ light

83
Q

DEFINE: Propagation

A

Two repeated steps in radical substitution which build up the products in chemical chain reaction

84
Q

DEFINE: Termination

A

Step at the end of a radical substitution where two radicals combine to form a molecule

85
Q

DEFINE: Pi-Bond

A

The reactive part of a double bond, formed above and below the plane of bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p orbitals

86
Q

DEFINE: Electrophilic Addition

A

Type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to a electron rich centre or atom where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

87
Q

DEFINE: Carbocation

A

Organic ion in which the carbon atom has a positive charge

88
Q

DEFINE: Curly Arrow

A

Symbol used to reaction mechanisms to show the movement of a electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond

89
Q

DEFINE: Polymer

A

Long chain molecular built up of monomer units

90
Q

DEFINE: Monomer

A

Small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

91
Q

DEFINE: Repeat unit

A

Specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. They are shown in square brackets with a n outside them

92
Q

DEFINE: Volatility

A

Ease of which a liquid turns into a gas.

93
Q

DEFINE: Reflux

A

Continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure the reaction takes place without the contents of the boiling flask boiling dry

94
Q

DEFINE: Esterification

A

Reaction of a alcohol and carboxylic acid to produce a ester and water

95
Q

DEFINE: Dehydration

A

An elimination reaction in which water in removed from a saturated molecule to make a unsaturated molecule

96
Q

DEFINE: Hydrolysis

A

Reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds

97
Q

DEFINE: Nucleophilic Substitution

A

Type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to a electron deficient centre where it donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

98
Q

DEFINE: Limiting Reagent

A

Substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first

99
Q

DEFINE: Molecular Ion, M+

A

Postive ion formed in mass spec when a molecule loses an electron

100
Q

DEFINE: Fragmentation

A

Process in mass spec that causes a positive ion to spilt into pieces

101
Q

DEFINE: Enthalpy

A

Is the heat content that is stored in a chemical system

102
Q

DEFINE: Exothermic

A

Reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings

103
Q

DEFINE: Endothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings

104
Q

DEFINE: Activation energy

A

Minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds

105
Q

DEFINE: Standard Conditions

A

Pressure of 100 kPa ( 1 atm), a stated temperature usually 289K, (25ºC) and a concentration of 1.0 mol/dm3

106
Q

DEFINE: Standard State

A

Physical state of a substance under standard conditions

107
Q

DEFINE: Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion

A

Enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their stander states.

108
Q

DEFINE: Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation

A

Enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of substance is formed form its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions

109
Q

DEFINE: Bond Enthalpy

A

The enthalpy change that takes places when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species

110
Q

DEFINE: Average Bond Enthalpy

A

Average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species

111
Q

DEFINE: Hess’ law

A

It states that if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route

112
Q

DEFINE: Heterogenous Catalysts

A

The catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst and reactants are a different physical state from the reactants

113
Q

DEFINE: Homogeneous Catalysts

A

Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst and reactants are in the same physical state

A LEVEL MOCKS (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions