Chemistry Concepts Flashcards
Organic and Biochemistry
Also called paraffins
Alkanes
Also called olefins
Alkenes
Total carbon atoms of alkanes in gas state under ambient conditions
1 to 4 C atoms
Total carbon atoms of alkanes in liquid state under ambient conditions
5 to 17 C atoms
Total carbon atoms of alkanes in solid state under ambient conditions
> 18 C atoms
It is the conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea
Wohler Synthesis
Use of Na in dry ether to combine alkyl halides in coupling reaction
Wurtz Synthesis
Reaction for preparing asymmetrical ethers
Williamson synthesis
How can you differentiate alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Reaction with Br2
Ability of carbon to form bonds with another carbon atom
Catenation
Structures wherein electrons are localized in covalent bonds
Lewis Structures
Structures wherein electrons are delocalized in covalent bonds
Resonance Structures
Every Lewis structure applicable to all movements of electrons in a molecule
Contributing structure
Combination of all contributing structures that represents the true structure
Resonance hybrid
Umbrella term for different compounds with the same molecular formula
Isomers
Isomers that differ in atomic connectivity
Constitutional isomers
Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms
Stereoisomers
Stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another and are not superimposable
Enantiomers
Stereoisomers which have the same molecular formula and sequences of bonded elements but which are nonsuperimposable, non-mirror images
Diastereomers
Compound where one atom donates both electrons
coordinate covalent compound
Phenomenon wherein a permanent dipole arises in a given molecule due to the unequal sharing of the bonding electrons in the molecule. This effect can arise a sigma bonds.
Inductive Effect
Delocalization of o electrons of C-H bond of alkyl group directly attached to an atom of the unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital
Hyperconjugation
The instantaneous formation of a dipole in the molecule of an organic compound with multiple bonds due to the complete transfer of shared pi electrons pairs to one of the atoms under the influence of an attacking reagent
Electrometric Effect
Involves the intramolecular movement of sigma and pi bonds in a molecule
3,3-sigmatropic rearrangements (Cope-Hardy reaction)
Meaning of Z-configuration in the E-Z Notational System
German Zusammen meaning “Together”
Meaning of E-configuration in the E-Z Notational System
German entgegen meaning “Opposite”
Meaning of the R orientation in the R-S notational system
R-rectus, Latin for “right” CCW configuration
Meaning of the S orientation in the R-S notational system
S-sinister, Latin for “left” CCW configuration
Properties affecting the stability of an alkane/alkene
In order of Priority:
No of C atoms (Inversely Proportional)
No. of substituents (Proportional)
No. of Double bonds (Proportional)
Value of dihedral angle in gauche staggered conformation
60 degrees
Value of dihedral angle in anti staggered conformation
180 degrees
Solid catalyst for the hydrogenation of alkenes
Pt, Pd, Ni, Rh
Catalyst for dehydration of alcohols
H2SO4 and H3PO4
What types of alcohol prefers SN1
Secondary/tertiary alcohol
What types of alcohol prefers SN2
Primary/unsubstituted alcohols
Product of the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde
Hemiacetal (Unstable)
Product of the addition of two alcohols to an aldehyde
Acetal (Stable)
Product of adding peroxyacid to aldehydes
Carboxylic AcidP
Product of adding peroxyacid to ketones
Ester
Compound produced by the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN
Cyanohydrin
Compound formed from the reaction of acids with alcohols
Esters
How many double bonds are in geraniol
2
States that the major product of an addition reaction will bond to the more substituted alkene
Markovnikov’s Rule
States that the major product of an addition reaction will bond to the less substituted alkene
Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule
States that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the most stable alkene
Zaitsev’s Rule
States that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the least stable alkene
Hoffman’s Rule
States that the major product of a rearrangement reaction will be the most stable alkene
Baldwin’s Rule
A center where exchanging two substituents will produce a different atom
Stereogenic center
Carbon atom with 4 different substituents
Chiral center
Archiral compounds with multiple chiral centers
Meso Compounds
What does zero degree polarize light mean?
There are equal amounts of two enantiomers
