Chemistry Comes To Life Flashcards
What are atoms?
Units of life that cannot be broken diwn
What are the three sub atomic particles, where are they located, charge and mass?
Proton located in nucleus, 1 positive unit, 1 atomic mass unit. Neutron licated in nucleus, no charge 1 atomic mass unit. Electron located outside the nucleus 1 negative charge mass is negligible
What are isotopes?
Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons
What are radioisotopes?
Unstable radio admitting isotopes
What is a covalent bond?
A bond that form when two or more atoms share electrons in there outer shells. Creating a molecule
What is an ionic bond?
Results when there is a mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions
What is hydrogen bonding?
The attraction between a slightly positively
What are buffers?
Substances from keeping the pH values from changing dramatically. Ex. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system?
When H+ decreases in the blood, carbonic acid dissociates adding H+ to the soln. When H + levels in the blood increase the H+ protons combine with bicarbonate and is removed from the system.
What are the major molecules of life ?
Macromolecules
What are macromolecules?
Macromolecules consist of repeating molecular sublinks linked in a chain called polymers
What are monomers?
Small molecular sub units that form the building blocks of the polymers
What is dehydration synthesis?
Condensation reaction. Bonds One monomer covalently to another releasing a water molecule
What is hydrolysis?
The addition of a water molecule to a polymer in order to break into monomer
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars that fuel the body by providing energy. Classified by size, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose: blood fruit and honey. Fructose: fruit honey. Galactose: from hydrolysis of lactose
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose: sugar cane maple syrup. Maltose: from hydrolysis of starch beer. Lactose: component of milk
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch: potatoes corn. Glycogen: stores in muscle and liver cells. Cellulose: cell walls of plants
What ate lipids?
Fat compounds that do no dissolve in water. Lipds are non polar while water is polar
What ate triglycerides?
Compounds made of one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Fatty acids are chains of carbon atom bonded to hydrogens wih an acidic COOH at one end
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty avid?
Saturated fatty acid have only sungle colvent bonds linking carbon atoms. Solid at room temp. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms causing kinks in the chain. Liquid at room temp
What are phospholipids?
A molecule of glycerol bonded to two fatty acid chains, a variable group ‘R.’and a neg charged phosphate group. Creating a hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head
What are steroids?
A type of liquid made up of 4 carbon rings. Cholesterol is the foundation of most steroids.
What are proteins?
A polymer made if 1 or more chains if amino acids
What are amino acids?
Building blocks of proteins consisting of a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen, amino and an acidic carboxylate group and a side chain designate d by ‘R’. Sine are essential meaning they cannot be synthesized by our bodies
How are amino acids linked?
Through peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis. This bond links the carboxly group of one amino acid to the amino group of an adjacent
What are the levels of protein structure?
Primary: specific sequence. Secondary: helix or pleated sheets. Tertiary: three dimensional shape. Quaternary: resulting protein
What is denaturation?
A change in the shape if a protein causing a loss of a function
What are enzymes?
Substance that are mostly proteins but ocassionly RNA molecules, speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
What is the enzyme substrate complex?
During reaction promoted by enzymes the substrate bonds to a specific location, the active site, forming the enzyme substrate active site.
What are cofactors?
Non protein substances that gel concert substrate to product. Some reside in enzymes active site., some bind to the active site at the same time as the substrate.
What are nucleotides?
5 nitrogen cobtinibg bases. Cytosine, thymine, uracil have single rings. Adenine and guanine have double rings
