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Chemistry paper 2 > Chemistry C9 > Flashcards

Chemistry C9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Percentage of gases in present day?

A

Nitrogen=78%
Oxygen=20%
CO2=0.04%
Other gases=1.96%

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2
Q

What gases did the earths early atmosphere consist of?

A
  • CO2
  • Ammonia
  • Methane
  • Water vapour
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3
Q

How did the levels of these early atmosphere change?

decrease/increase

A
  • Water vapour decreased as it rained to make oceans
  • CO2 decreased (dissolved into oceans, locked up in rocks and photosynthesis)
  • Oxygen increased(photosynthesis)
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4
Q

3 greenhouse gases

A
  • CO2
  • water vapour
  • methane
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5
Q

How did CO2s structure lead to global warming?

A

O = C = O

These bonds absorb infrared radiation

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6
Q

Global warming/ climate change effects

A
  • ice melting (polar bears drowning)
  • sea levels rising (flooding)
  • plants dying/animals dying(humans cant eat)
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7
Q

How has the graph
y=CO2 levels
x=Time(years)
changed over time

A

Always increasing- even steeper in recent years

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8
Q

Human activities increasing CO2 levels

A
  • burning fossil fuels for electricity
  • deforestation as trees cant take in co2
  • transportation (reliance on petrol cars)
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9
Q

What is carbon footprint?

A

How much carbon your daily activities contribute to the atmosphere

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10
Q

2 ways to improve your carbon footprint

A
  • walking instead of driving

- eating local food vs food that has had to travel long distances

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11
Q

5 pollutants/effects of these

A

Sulfur dioxide- acid rain (kills animals eg. fish, kills plants and destroys statues eg. limestone)

Carbon- smog/global dimming (mainly in developing countries)

Water vapour- warming of the planet

Carbon monoxide- toxic

Nitrogen oxides- smog/acid rain

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12
Q

What is composition of the atmosphere?

A

Approximately 80% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen and small amounts of CO2,water vapour and Nobel gases

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13
Q

What was the composition of the earth’s early atmosphere?

A

Lots of carbon dioxide and water vapour from volcanic eruptions and small amounts of methane and ammonia

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14
Q

How did the level of water vapour reduce?

A

The earth cooled so the water vapour condensed and formed oceans

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15
Q

Give 2 ways the level of CO2 decreased

A

The CO2 dissolved in oceans and formed sedimentary rocks such as limestone. Plants evolved and photosynthesised which uses CO2 and produces O2

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16
Q

Why are greenhouse gases important for life on earth?

A

They maintain the earth’s temperature so it is warm enough to support life

17
Q

Name three greenhouse gases

A

Methane, water vapour and carbon dioxide

18
Q

How do greenhouse gases maintain the earth’s temperature?

A

Short wavelength radiation from the sun is transmitted through the atmosphere and absorbed by the earth. It is re-emitted from the earth at a longer wavelength, which is absorbed by the greenhouse gases.

19
Q

How have humans contributed to CO2 levels rising?

A

Deforestation of trees reducing photosynthesis, burning of fossil fuels

20
Q

How have humans contributed to methane levels rising?

A

Intensive cattle farming, rice paddy fields and land fill sites

21
Q

Why is it difficult to model the effects of climate change?

A

There are many factors that effect it so it’s very complicated to predict

22
Q

What is a problem with using simplified models for climate change?

A

It may be only be based on part of the evidence and be biased

23
Q

Why is it important that data is peer-reviewed?

A

To know it has been checked by other scientists and that they agree with the conclusions

24
Q

What are the implications of global temperature increases from climate change?

A

Floods, droughts, tornados/hurricanes, ice caps melt and sea level rise.

25
Q

What does the term carbon footprint mean?

A

The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event

26
Q

How can people reduce their carbon footprint?

A

Use less energy, use renewable energy, offset their emissions by planting trees, stop eating beef and lamb, use biofuels.

27
Q

Why might individual actions to reduce carbon emissions be limited?

A

The inconvenience or cost of these actions. Also individuals may feel they make little impact and governments or industry should fix this

28
Q

What elements do most fuels contain?

A

Carbon and or hydrogen and may contain sulphur impurities

29
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

30
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon particulates and water

31
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

If there is a limited amount of oxygen

32
Q

How does carbon dioxide form during combustion?

A

Carbon from the fuel reacts with oxygen from the air by complete combustion

33
Q

How does carbon monoxide form during combustion?

A

Carbon from the fuel reacts with oxygen from the air by incomplete combustion

34
Q

How does sulphur dioxide form during combustion?

A

Sulphur impurities in the fuel react with oxygen from the air

35
Q

How do nitrogen oxides form during combustion of fuels?

A

Nitrogen from the air reacts with oxygen from the air inside a hot car engine

36
Q

How do carbon particulates form during combustion of fuels

A

Carbon from the fuel doesn’t react with oxygen

37
Q

What problems are associated with carbon monoxide?

A

It is a toxic gas that can kill, it is hard to detect as it is colourless and odourless

38
Q

What problems are associated with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides?

A

They cause acid rain as well as respiratory problems

39
Q

What problems are associated with carbon particulates?

A

They cause global dimming and irritate the lungs

Chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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