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chemistry > Chemistry C1 > Flashcards

Chemistry C1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the charge, mass and location of the 3 parts of an particle ?

A

Proton - charge +1, mass 1, location = nucleus
Electron - charge -1, mass small, location = circulating around the nucleus
Neutron - charge 0, mass 1, location = nucleus

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2
Q

What is the atomic number also know as?

A

Proton Number

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3
Q

How can the number of neutrons be calculated ?

A

number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

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4
Q

How to create a Periodic Table of elements ?

A

organise the elements in order of increasing atomic number; rows = periods, columns = groups.
Groups = similar elements
Period number = how many shells of electrons there are
Metals = left
Non metal = right

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5
Q

What are elements in Group 0 called and what is specially about them ?

A

Noble gases; unreactive + outer shell = full

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6
Q

What are the key features of a chemical reaction ?

A
  • reactants (chemicals start with)

- products (chemicals produced)

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7
Q

Which compound shares electrons ?

A

Covalent compounds

- non metals - molecules share electrons

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8
Q

What compound is formed from metals and non metals and consist of ions ?

A

Ionic compounds

  • lose outer shell electron to other atom
  • form stable ions - full outer shell electrons
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9
Q

What happens when the electron loses an electron ?

A

It becomes a positive ions

Gaining electrons = form negative ions

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10
Q

What is the theory of conservation of matter (mass) ?

A

No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants

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11
Q

What is limestone used for ?

A
  • Foundations of houses
  • Railway lines
  • New roads
  • Added to bread
  • Used to make toothpaste
  • Neutralise acidic soils
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12
Q

What are the positive and negatives of quarrying

A 
Positives
- provide locals jobs
- essential raw material
Negatives
- increase in heavy traffic
- scarring of the natural landscape
- Impact on wildlife
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13
Q

Complete the equation:
Calcium …. - ….. oxide + carbon ….

Add the number equation and say what this is

A

Calcium Carbonate - Calcium Oxide + Co2
CaCo3 - CaO + Co2
Thermal decomposition

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14
Q

What other carbonates decompose similar to calcium ?

A

Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Calcium, Sodium

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15
Q

What temperature does Calcium carbonate start to decompose ?

A

900 C

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16
Q

More the reactive the metal, the …. it is to decompose.

A

Harder

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17
Q

What reaction is calcium oxide and water ?

A

Exothermic

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18
Q

Calcium …. + …. - calcium…

Fill in the gaps + give the number equation

A

Calcium oxide + water - Calcium Hydroxide

CaO + H20 - Ca(OH)2

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19
Q

What solution does Calcium hydroxide produce when dissolved in water ?

A

Limewater

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20
Q

When the limewater turns cloudy what has been reacts with ?

A

Carbon dixiode gas

it creates calcium carbonate

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21
Q

Complete the equation

Calcium …. + Carbon Dioxide - Calcium … + ….

A

Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide - calcium carbonate + water
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 - CaCO3 + H2O

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22
Q

What is the limecycle ?

A

Calcium Carbonate (heat) - Calcium Oxide (few drops of water) - Solid Calcium hydroxide (add more water) - Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) (add Co2)

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23
Q

What are ores ?

A

Naturally occurring rock that provide an economic starting point for the manufacture of metals

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24
Q

What is the problem with extracting copper ?

A

It is cheap but rich ores are becoming scare

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25
Q

What is expensive to produce ?

A

Aluminium and titanium

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26
Q

What are alloys ?

A

They are metals mixed together - they are harder than the metals they are made from
eg. brass is harder than copper & zinc
bronze is harder than tin & copper
Steel is harder than pure iron

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27
Q

Why are alloys harder ?

A

Atoms inside an alloy have different sizes and shapes. Layers cannot form easily. Sliding of layers is very difficult in alloys. Most metals are alloys - as pure are too soft as they can slide over each other easily

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28
Q

When metals are above Carbon; how can they

be manufactured ?

A

They can be manufactured by smelting in a blast furnace; carbon cannot reduce the metal oxide

29
Q

How do you manufacture metals like aluminium and magnesium ?

A

Electrolysis - pass an electric current through the melted compound (metal oxide / metal chloride)

BUT is expensive - cost of melting the metal compound and cost of electricity

30
Q

If a metal is above hydrogen but below carbon what do they react with and how ?

A

They will react with water (and acid) - involves REDUCTION of their oxides using carbon - found in coke and charcoal

31
Q

What metals are found PURE in nature ?

A

Copper, silver, gold and platinum

32
Q

What are the elements in the central block of the periodic table called ?

A

Transition metals

33
Q

What are transitional metals good at ?

A

Good conductors of heat & electricity
Can be bent or hammered into shape
useful as structural materials

34
Q

What makes aluminium and titanium useful metals ?

A

Low density & resistance to corrosion

35
Q

What makes copper useful for ?

A

Electrical wiring & plumbing

36
Q

How is titanium extracted ?

A

With a multi- step - uses sodium metal & sodium is extracted by electrolysis - so energy requried to manufacture makes titanium expensive.

37
Q

What are Aluminium (and its alloys) useful for ?

A
  • Overhead power cables
  • Cooking foil
  • Drinking cans
  • Aeroplane bodies and wings
38
Q

Why is aluminium metal covered with a thin layer of aluminium oxide ?

A

It protects the metal from further oxidation by and water (containing oxygen). The coating makes it seem unreactive.

39
Q

What is titanium used for and why

A

Makes it ideal for making artifical hips & bone pins - it is made for aircraft wings - low expansion coefiicient
IT has a low density and resists corrosion

40
Q

How much energy is saved when Aluminium is recycled ?

A

Only 10 % of the energy is used to re-melt & re -shape recycled aluminium is used compared from an ore

41
Q

What metals can be extracted by heating the ore in a furnance ?

A

You can smelt copper

42
Q

Copper oxide + ….. = Copper + …….

Complete the equation

A

Coper oxide + carbon = copper + Co2

43
Q

When copper oxide is turned to copper what happen ?

A

Reduced

44
Q

How can copper be obtained ?

A

Copper salts by displacement

Scarp iron by electrolysis

45
Q

iron + copper … - …. + iron sulphate

Complete the equation for the displacement reaction

A

iron + copper sulphate - copper + iron sulphate

46
Q

Does displacement reactions use less energy than extracting copper from its ore ?

A

Yes
The ores that are now avaliable are obtained from deeper mines - contain a small % of copper than before and have to transported from more distant parts of the world

47
Q

What is phytomining ?

A

Planting plants on low grade copper ores
Will absorb copper ions form the ore
Harvest & burn the plant
Leaves you with an ash that is rich in copper compounds

48
Q

What is bioleaching ?

A

Uses bacteria
- specially adapted bacteria can get their nutrients & energy from copper compounds found in copper ores
- Produce copper compounds
- can be extractedd by electrolysis of the solution
VERY SLOW

49
Q

What is Crude oil ?

A

Derived from an ancient biomass found in rocks

- many useful materials can be produced from Crud oil

50
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of what ?

A

A large number of compounds

  • two or more element or compounds not chemically combined together
  • Chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged
  • Possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation
51
Q

What are most of compounds molecules mainly made up of ?

A

Hydrogen & carbon atoms called hydrocarbons

52
Q

What are the saturated hydrocarbons in crude oil ?

A

Alkanes - have the formula CnH2n+2
- Have a single covalent carbon bond
- In petrol + diesel burn EXOTHERMICALLY
CH4 + 202 = CO2 + 2H20
Chemical bonds is changed into heat and light energy during this reaction

53
Q

What happens in fractional distillation ?

A
  • Crude oil is boiled in a heater
  • Seperated molecules then enter a high column
  • As vapour move upwards - cool down
  • different liquids condense at different temperatures, the heavier liquids condense first and lighter liquid later
  • Each level a different mixture of compound condense
  • long chained molecules with higher boiling points = first - darker in colour - difficult to burn & are viscous (not runny)
54
Q

When do fuels burn ?

A

When a chemical reaction with oxygen occurs
- during combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised - releases Co2, water, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of ntirogen
- Sulfur dioxide = acid rain
Co2 = global warming
Solid particles = global dimming

55
Q

Plants produce what that is useful ?

A

Oils - which can be converted into consumer products including processed foods. Emulsion can be made and have a number of uses IMPACT ON OUR DIETS AND OUR HEALTH

56
Q

Why are vegetable oils important food and fuels ?

A

Provide a lot of energy - provide us with nutrients.

Higher boiling points than water - so can cook food faster than water at high temperatures

57
Q

Are plant oils are better for your health than animal fats ?

A

Yes

58
Q

How to tell if it is saturated or unsaturated fat ?

A

Unsaturated veg oil contain a C=C (double carbon bond). These can be detected by reacting with bromine water
It DECOLOURISE orange coloured BROMINE WATEr - turning the solution clear. Saturated oils do not decolourise bromine water

59
Q

What is different about saturated fat and unsaturated fat ?

A

Saturated don’t have a double carbon bond - fatty acids can pack closely together
Unsaturated have at LEAST one double carbon bond - bends the fatty acid chain so can’t pack closely together
SATURATED FATS = LESS HEALTHY - dense packing makes them harder for the body to digest

60
Q

How do they make margarine ?

A

Vegetable oils are harderened
React them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 60C. hydrogenated oils have higher metling points, are solids at room temp and are useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries
CALLED HYDROGENATION
- extra hydrogen atoms - carbon bond break
NOT all double carbon bond have broken - partially hydrogenated

61
Q

How do they produce emulsion ?

A

Emulsion are thicker than oil and water - provide better texture, coating ability and appearance.
They use oil that doesn’t dissolve in water
Emulsifier have a hydrophilic (water loving) part and hydrophobic (Water hating) part - this means taht the oil and water cannot seperate in emulsions
SUCH AS: ice cream, mayo

62
Q

What can Sunflower oil be used as ?

A

Diesel substitute - oil seeds grown as a fuel crop
- take in Co2 & turn into an oil
- Crush the seed & filter the oil
Oil burns in diesel engine & releases Co2
May be called carbon netural

63
Q

What is fermentation ?

A

Crops are grown that are rich in sugar (cane) or starch (corn). Yeast changes the carbohydrate into ethanol. Can be used as a petrol substitue after extraction by distillation.
Bioethanol = Highly flammable liquid

64
Q

What did Alfred Wegener say ?

A

Proposed an idea that the Earth Continents were once joined togther over a few hundered milliion years- force made this supercontinent break up and drift apart
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
Evidence :
- shapes of Africa and South America look as though they were once joined
- they contain similar fossil
- rock on edges are similar

65
Q

What do recent earthquakes and Volcanic eruption show us ?

A

The pattern exposes the positions of the plate boundaries

66
Q

What need to happen before a chemical reaction takes place?

A
  • chemical reactions need to be activated - need to activate the reactants before anything starts
67
Q

How can you speed up a reaction?

A
68
Q

What occurs during a reaction?

A

Need energy input to break the chemical bonds holding the molecules
- New chemical bonds are being made - energy is released

69
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?

A

Reaction = exothermic = energy released in step one = greater than the energy taken in for Step 1

  • Most chemical reactions are exothermic
  • Photosynthesis, electrolysis or smelting = endothermic

chemistry (1 decks)

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