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Chemistry C1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the charge, mass and location of the 3 parts of an particle ?

A

Proton - charge +1, mass 1, location = nucleus
Electron - charge -1, mass small, location = circulating around the nucleus
Neutron - charge 0, mass 1, location = nucleus

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2
Q

What is the atomic number also know as?

A

Proton Number

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3
Q

How can the number of neutrons be calculated ?

A

number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

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4
Q

How to create a Periodic Table of elements ?

A

organise the elements in order of increasing atomic number; rows = periods, columns = groups.
Groups = similar elements
Period number = how many shells of electrons there are
Metals = left
Non metal = right

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5
Q

What are elements in Group 0 called and what is specially about them ?

A

Noble gases; unreactive + outer shell = full

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6
Q

What are the key features of a chemical reaction ?

A
  • reactants (chemicals start with)

- products (chemicals produced)

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7
Q

Which compound shares electrons ?

A

Covalent compounds

- non metals - molecules share electrons

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8
Q

What compound is formed from metals and non metals and consist of ions ?

A

Ionic compounds

  • lose outer shell electron to other atom
  • form stable ions - full outer shell electrons
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9
Q

What happens when the electron loses an electron ?

A

It becomes a positive ions

Gaining electrons = form negative ions

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10
Q

What is the theory of conservation of matter (mass) ?

A

No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants

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11
Q

What is limestone used for ?

A
  • Foundations of houses
  • Railway lines
  • New roads
  • Added to bread
  • Used to make toothpaste
  • Neutralise acidic soils
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12
Q

What are the positive and negatives of quarrying

A 
Positives
- provide locals jobs
- essential raw material
Negatives
- increase in heavy traffic
- scarring of the natural landscape
- Impact on wildlife
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13
Q

Complete the equation:
Calcium …. - ….. oxide + carbon ….

Add the number equation and say what this is

A

Calcium Carbonate - Calcium Oxide + Co2
CaCo3 - CaO + Co2
Thermal decomposition

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14
Q

What other carbonates decompose similar to calcium ?

A

Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Calcium, Sodium

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15
Q

What temperature does Calcium carbonate start to decompose ?

A

900 C

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16
Q

More the reactive the metal, the …. it is to decompose.

A

Harder

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17
Q

What reaction is calcium oxide and water ?

A

Exothermic

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18
Q

Calcium …. + …. - calcium…

Fill in the gaps + give the number equation

A

Calcium oxide + water - Calcium Hydroxide

CaO + H20 - Ca(OH)2

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19
Q

What solution does Calcium hydroxide produce when dissolved in water ?

A

Limewater

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20
Q

When the limewater turns cloudy what has been reacts with ?

A

Carbon dixiode gas

it creates calcium carbonate

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21
Q

Complete the equation

Calcium …. + Carbon Dioxide - Calcium … + ….

A

Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide - calcium carbonate + water
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 - CaCO3 + H2O

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22
Q

What is the limecycle ?

A

Calcium Carbonate (heat) - Calcium Oxide (few drops of water) - Solid Calcium hydroxide (add more water) - Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) (add Co2)

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23
Q

What are ores ?

A

Naturally occurring rock that provide an economic starting point for the manufacture of metals

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24
Q

What is the problem with extracting copper ?

A

It is cheap but rich ores are becoming scare

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25
What is expensive to produce ?
Aluminium and titanium
26
What are alloys ?
They are metals mixed together - they are harder than the metals they are made from eg. brass is harder than copper & zinc bronze is harder than tin & copper Steel is harder than pure iron
27
Why are alloys harder ?
Atoms inside an alloy have different sizes and shapes. Layers cannot form easily. Sliding of layers is very difficult in alloys. Most metals are alloys - as pure are too soft as they can slide over each other easily
28
When metals are above Carbon; how can they | be manufactured ?
They can be manufactured by smelting in a blast furnace; carbon cannot reduce the metal oxide
29
How do you manufacture metals like aluminium and magnesium ?
Electrolysis - pass an electric current through the melted compound (metal oxide / metal chloride) BUT is expensive - cost of melting the metal compound and cost of electricity
30
If a metal is above hydrogen but below carbon what do they react with and how ?
They will react with water (and acid) - involves REDUCTION of their oxides using carbon - found in coke and charcoal
31
What metals are found PURE in nature ?
Copper, silver, gold and platinum
32
What are the elements in the central block of the periodic table called ?
Transition metals
33
What are transitional metals good at ?
Good conductors of heat & electricity Can be bent or hammered into shape useful as structural materials
34
What makes aluminium and titanium useful metals ?
Low density & resistance to corrosion
35
What makes copper useful for ?
Electrical wiring & plumbing
36
How is titanium extracted ?
With a multi- step - uses sodium metal & sodium is extracted by electrolysis - so energy requried to manufacture makes titanium expensive.
37
What are Aluminium (and its alloys) useful for ?
- Overhead power cables - Cooking foil - Drinking cans - Aeroplane bodies and wings
38
Why is aluminium metal covered with a thin layer of aluminium oxide ?
It protects the metal from further oxidation by and water (containing oxygen). The coating makes it seem unreactive.
39
What is titanium used for and why
Makes it ideal for making artifical hips & bone pins - it is made for aircraft wings - low expansion coefiicient IT has a low density and resists corrosion
40
How much energy is saved when Aluminium is recycled ?
Only 10 % of the energy is used to re-melt & re -shape recycled aluminium is used compared from an ore
41
What metals can be extracted by heating the ore in a furnance ?
You can smelt copper
42
Copper oxide + ..... = Copper + ....... | Complete the equation
Coper oxide + carbon = copper + Co2
43
When copper oxide is turned to copper what happen ?
Reduced
44
How can copper be obtained ?
Copper salts by displacement | Scarp iron by electrolysis
45
iron + copper ... - .... + iron sulphate | Complete the equation for the displacement reaction
iron + copper sulphate - copper + iron sulphate
46
Does displacement reactions use less energy than extracting copper from its ore ?
Yes The ores that are now avaliable are obtained from deeper mines - contain a small % of copper than before and have to transported from more distant parts of the world
47
What is phytomining ?
Planting plants on low grade copper ores Will absorb copper ions form the ore Harvest & burn the plant Leaves you with an ash that is rich in copper compounds
48
What is bioleaching ?
Uses bacteria - specially adapted bacteria can get their nutrients & energy from copper compounds found in copper ores - Produce copper compounds - can be extractedd by electrolysis of the solution VERY SLOW
49
What is Crude oil ?
Derived from an ancient biomass found in rocks | - many useful materials can be produced from Crud oil
50
Crude oil is a mixture of what ?
A large number of compounds - two or more element or compounds not chemically combined together - Chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged - Possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation
51
What are most of compounds molecules mainly made up of ?
Hydrogen & carbon atoms called hydrocarbons
52
What are the saturated hydrocarbons in crude oil ?
Alkanes - have the formula CnH2n+2 - Have a single covalent carbon bond - In petrol + diesel burn EXOTHERMICALLY CH4 + 202 = CO2 + 2H20 Chemical bonds is changed into heat and light energy during this reaction
53
What happens in fractional distillation ?
- Crude oil is boiled in a heater - Seperated molecules then enter a high column - As vapour move upwards - cool down - different liquids condense at different temperatures, the heavier liquids condense first and lighter liquid later - Each level a different mixture of compound condense - long chained molecules with higher boiling points = first - darker in colour - difficult to burn & are viscous (not runny)
54
When do fuels burn ?
When a chemical reaction with oxygen occurs - during combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised - releases Co2, water, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of ntirogen - Sulfur dioxide = acid rain Co2 = global warming Solid particles = global dimming
55
Plants produce what that is useful ?
Oils - which can be converted into consumer products including processed foods. Emulsion can be made and have a number of uses IMPACT ON OUR DIETS AND OUR HEALTH
56
Why are vegetable oils important food and fuels ?
Provide a lot of energy - provide us with nutrients. | Higher boiling points than water - so can cook food faster than water at high temperatures
57
Are plant oils are better for your health than animal fats ?
Yes
58
How to tell if it is saturated or unsaturated fat ?
Unsaturated veg oil contain a C=C (double carbon bond). These can be detected by reacting with bromine water It DECOLOURISE orange coloured BROMINE WATEr - turning the solution clear. Saturated oils do not decolourise bromine water
59
What is different about saturated fat and unsaturated fat ?
Saturated don't have a double carbon bond - fatty acids can pack closely together Unsaturated have at LEAST one double carbon bond - bends the fatty acid chain so can't pack closely together SATURATED FATS = LESS HEALTHY - dense packing makes them harder for the body to digest
60
How do they make margarine ?
Vegetable oils are harderened React them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 60C. hydrogenated oils have higher metling points, are solids at room temp and are useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries CALLED HYDROGENATION - extra hydrogen atoms - carbon bond break NOT all double carbon bond have broken - partially hydrogenated
61
How do they produce emulsion ?
Emulsion are thicker than oil and water - provide better texture, coating ability and appearance. They use oil that doesn't dissolve in water Emulsifier have a hydrophilic (water loving) part and hydrophobic (Water hating) part - this means taht the oil and water cannot seperate in emulsions SUCH AS: ice cream, mayo
62
What can Sunflower oil be used as ?
Diesel substitute - oil seeds grown as a fuel crop - take in Co2 & turn into an oil - Crush the seed & filter the oil Oil burns in diesel engine & releases Co2 May be called carbon netural
63
What is fermentation ?
Crops are grown that are rich in sugar (cane) or starch (corn). Yeast changes the carbohydrate into ethanol. Can be used as a petrol substitue after extraction by distillation. Bioethanol = Highly flammable liquid
64
What did Alfred Wegener say ?
Proposed an idea that the Earth Continents were once joined togther over a few hundered milliion years- force made this supercontinent break up and drift apart CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY Evidence : - shapes of Africa and South America look as though they were once joined - they contain similar fossil - rock on edges are similar
65
What do recent earthquakes and Volcanic eruption show us ?
The pattern exposes the positions of the plate boundaries
66
What need to happen before a chemical reaction takes place?
- chemical reactions need to be activated - need to activate the reactants before anything starts
67
How can you speed up a reaction?
speed up with catalysts - affect the reaction rate - remains constant -
68
What occurs during a reaction?
Need energy input to break the chemical bonds holding the molecules - New chemical bonds are being made - energy is released
69
What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?
Reaction = exothermic = energy released in step one = greater than the energy taken in for Step 1 - Most chemical reactions are exothermic - Photosynthesis, electrolysis or smelting = endothermic

chemistry (1 decks)

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