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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Sulfuric Acid

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
A
  1. Acide sulfurique/Schwefelsäure/kwas siarkowy - H2SO4. Oil of vitriolm battery acid, oleum.
  2. colorless, odorless, dense, oily, corrosive liquid. Corrosive to all body tissues
  3. Fertilizer, petroleum refining, synthetic rubber and other plastics, copper leaching, manufacture of organic pigments, water treatment chemicals, car batteries. + dehydrating agent
    • S + O2 -> SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
    • SO2 + O2 -> SO3 (Sulfur trioxide)
    • SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4
      wet sulfuric acid process, lead chamber process, contact process
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2
Q

Nitrogen

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
  5. 3 big Inorganic nitrogen compunds
A
  1. Azote/Stickstoff N2
  2. Colorless, odorless, inert in normal temp.
  3. Ammonia, inert atmosphere for chemical reactions, metal treating, enhanced oil recovery, food processing (freezing), electronics
  4. liquifying air
  5. NH3 (ammonia), HNO3 (Nitric acid), NH2CONH2 (Urea)
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3
Q

Oxygen

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
  5. Notable feature
A
  1. O2 - oxygène, Sauerstoff
  2. colorless, odorless
  3. Metallurgy, metal fabrication, chemical manufacture, medical applications, sewage treatment, rocket propellant, paper bleaching.
  4. liquifying air
  5. oxidation/reduction
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4
Q

Lime

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
A
  1. CaO (Chaux, Calciumoxid - Kalk, tlenek wapnia)
  2. white/gray solid. Reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide
  3. Many applications. Most known: steel and chemicals, water treatment, pollution control, pulp and paper, construction
  4. Limestone (CaCO3) from mines or quarries is heated in a kiln (calcined). CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
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5
Q

Ammonia

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. Proportion of uses
A
  1. NH3
  2. colorless gas with a suffocating pungent odor. Readily liquified and soluble in water.
  3. Nitric Acid, urea, ammonium alts.
  4. 75% fertilizers, 20& chemicals, 5 % explosives
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6
Q

Phosphoric Acid

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
  5. Remarkable historical use
A
  1. H3PO4 (Phosphorsäure, kwas fosforowy)
  2. colorless solid melting at 42 degrees. Sold in water (colorless, odorless)
  3. The highest value inorganic acid marketed in the U.D. and second valur to sulfuric acid. Preparation of salts used as fertilizers (ammonium and calcium salts), water softeners and detergents, animal feed, baking powder, soft drink acidifiction.
  4. Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid -> phosphoric acid + gypsum
    Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 = 2 H3PH4 + 3 CaSO4.
  5. as fertilizer since ancient times. First manufactured by treating bone ashes with sulfuric acid. Phosphate rock, poor fertilizers, was substituted for bones as a raw matrial in the mid 1880s.
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7
Q

Chlorine

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
  5. Remarkable point
A
  1. Cl2, chlore, chlor
  2. greenish/yellow gas with pungent ofor. Forms compunds with virtually all elements.
  3. water purification, pulp and paper bleaching. Biggest use for the production of organic comunds in plastics, pesticides, herbicides, refrigerations fluids, solvents.
  4. Electrolysis of salt brime.
  5. Sodium hydroxide and chlorine co-dependent. Chlorine hard to store so if the sales of the latter go down, the prices of the former go up.
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8
Q

Sodium Hydroxide

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
  5. remarkable use
A
  1. NaOH, caustic soda, wodorotlenek sodu, soda kaustyczna, Natriumhydroxid, kaustischesoda, Hydroxyde de sodium
  2. white crystalline solid, dissolves in water with high evolution of heat. Hazardous.
  3. chemical manufacture, soaps and detergence, food processing, pulp and paper, water treatment, textile manufacture
  4. Electrolysis of salt brine
  5. Some metal oxides also dissolve in sodium hydroxide. Bauxit is treated with NaOH for pure aluminium. Sand (silicon dioxide) as well to form sodium silicate or water glass.
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9
Q

Sodium Carbonate

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
  5. Remarkable feature
A
  1. Na2CO3, soda ash, carbonate de sodium, Natriumcarbonat, węglan sodu
  2. white powdery solid moderately soluble inb water to gve a basic solution. With acid it produces sodium sakt and carbon disoxide.
  3. Ovr 50% to make glass, preparation of chemicals, soaps and detergents, pulp and paper industry, water treatment.
  4. Mined or obtained by Solvay process
  5. Mining is more eco, but limited distribution of natural soda ash.
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10
Q

Nitric acid

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture
A

1 HNO3, aqua fortis, Salpetersäure
2. colorless liquid, turns yellow in light. Choking odour. Hazardous chemical.
3. Fertilizers, raw material for nylon, gunpowder and explosives (itroglycerin, nitrocellulose, TNT, ammonium nitrate), elastomers and paints.
4. Ammonia is burned over a ctalyst to a mixture of nitrogen oxides which when reacted with water produces nitric acid.
NH3 + O2 -> NO2 + H2O
NO2 + H2O -> HNO3

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11
Q

Hydrogen

  1. (wzór, języki)
  2. properties
  3. uses
  4. manufacture (wzór!)
A
  1. H2, Wasserstoff
  2. colorless, odorless gas.
  3. ammonia, methanol, refining of metals from oxide ores, petroleum refining, hydrogenation of fats and oils, preparation of higher alcohols,
  4. CH4 + H2O -> CO + H2 -> CO2 + H2
    The hydrogen is separated from the carbon dioxide by contacting the mixture with a liquid chemical, which absorbs the carbon dioxide.
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12
Q

Why carbon is special?

A
  1. Each carbon combines with 4 other atoms
  2. of other elements
  3. Form chains of atoms (open, closed, combination)
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13
Q

Functional groups

A
  1. Hydroxyl (alcohol) - OH
  2. Carbonyl/Composé carbonylé (ketone, aldehyde) - -(C=O)-
  3. Carboxyl (acid) - -(C=O)-OH
  4. Nitrile (cyano) - CN
  5. Alkoxyl (ether) - O-R (alkyl group)
  6. Halide (chloride, bromide, idodie) -Cl, -BR, -I
  7. Amino - NH2
  8. Nitro - NO2
  9. Phosphate - PO4H2
  10. Sulfhydryl - SH
  11. Esther - COO -
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14
Q

important chlorides names and properties

A
  1. CH3Cl - methyl chloride (Chlormethan) - refirgerant (once) today a reagent in chemical reactions.
  2. CH2Cl2 - Methylene chloride (Dichlormethan) - paint stripper, defaffeinated coffee
  3. CHCl3 - Chloroform - chem. intermed.
  4. CCl4 - Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachlormethan) - interm.
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15
Q

Major reactions involving paraffins:

A
  1. chlorination
  2. nitration
  3. oxidation
  4. pyrolyse (cracking)
  5. isomerization
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16
Q

Oxygenated organic compunds

A
  1. alcohols, R-OH, e.g. Ethyl alcohol
    2, Adehydes, R-C(-H)=O, e.g. Acetaldhyde (CH3-COH)
  2. Ketones, R-C(=O)-R, Acetone CH3-CO-CH3
  3. Acids, R-C(-OH)=O, Acetic acid
  4. Esters, R-C(=O)-OR, Ethyl acetate CH 3−COO−CH 2−CH 3
  5. Ethers, R-O-R, Diethyl ether
  6. Anhydrides R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R, acetic anhydride
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17
Q

Common Aldehydes and their manufacture

Uses

A
  1. formaldehyde CH2O, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde
  2. Methanol + air -> formaldehyde + H2O
    Acethylene + H2O -> CH3CHO (acetaldehyde)
    Ethylene + Air -> acetaldehyde
  3. fumigant, formalin, germicide, preservative, plastics manufacture.
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18
Q

Common ketones + uses

A
  1. Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone

2. solvents in paints and intermediaires for chemicals

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19
Q

Common organic acids

A
  1. formic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid
  2. formic acids- bee sting,
    vinegar is a 5% solution of acetic acid
    adipic acid is a major component of nylon
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20
Q

Soap formation

A

sodium or potassium hydroxide reaction with long-chain acids such as C17H35COOH (stearic acid)
Or more precisely
Glyceryl ester of stearic acid + Sodium hydroxide -> 3 sodium stearate

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21
Q

Nitrogen based organic compunts (clas, formula, example)

A
  1. Amines, R-NH2, CH3-NH2 (methyl amine)
  2. Nitro compounds, R-NO2, CH3CH2NO2 (nitroethane)
  3. Nitriles, R-CN, CH3-CN (acetonitrile)
  4. Isocyanate, R-N=C=O, CH3-NCO (methyl isocyanate)
  5. Amides, R-C(=O)-NH2, CH3CONH2 (acetamide)
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22
Q

Amides

A

Found in nylon. Urea is the diamide of carbonic acid, used for fertilizers and plastics.

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23
Q

Major substitutions in aromatic compunds

How do we avoid saturating the ring?

A
  • chlorination, nitration, sulfonation, alkylation

- different catalysts

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24
Q

Some substituted benzens

A
  1. xylene (dimethylbenzens)
  2. chlorobenzen
  3. nitrobenzen
  4. toluen (methylbenzen)
  5. benzoic acid
  6. phenols (used for epoxy resins)
  7. aniline NH2
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25
Q

Some polyaromatic compounds and their production + uses

A
  1. naphthalene (two rings)
  2. anthracene (three rings)
  3. phenanthrene (three rings)
  4. Obtained by coking of coal. Naphthalene alos reconverd during petroleum refining.
  5. Naphthalene - moth repellant and insecticide, dyes, drugs.
    Anthracene in dyes
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26
Q

Phenol production and uses and particularities

A
  1. Initially coking of coal
  2. Used in plastics and textile fibers, disinfectant.
  3. They do not react like alcohols but like acids! Their name was carbolic acid.
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27
Q

2 popular amines and their uses

A

1 aniline and diaminobenzene

2. aniline in rubber industry, diaminobenzen in textiles, fibres, in in fiber-reinforced plastics (“Kevlar”).

28
Q

natural polymers

A
  1. Starch - homopolymer of glucose
  2. Cellulose - homopolymer of glucose
  3. Chitin - Polymeric acetamidoglucose
  4. Protein - copolymer of amino acids
  5. Natural rubber - polymer of isoprene
29
Q

Proces np. wulkanizacji to: (w różnych językach)

A
  1. crosslinking
  2. Sieciowanie
  3. Reticulation
  4. Vernetzung
30
Q

Polymer classes

A
  1. thermoplastic vs. thermoset
  2. Step growth vs. chain growth
  3. Resin (natural + reaction between two or more substances such as silicones) vs plastics (high polymers combined with other ingredients such as plasticizers, accelerants, curatives).
  4. homopolymer cs copolymer
  5. block vs graft vs alternating vs random
  6. linear vs branched vr crosslinked
31
Q

Typical chain growth polymers

A 
polyethylene
polyvinyl chloride
polypropylene
polystyrene
polyacrylonitrile
polybutadiene
polymethylmetrhacrylate
polytetrafluoroethylene
32
Q

Polyethylene

  • Types
  • characteristic
A 
C2H4
Low density: film for food packaging
high density: blow molded into bottles and containers
Linear low density: powder coatings.
-the largest selling plastic material
33
Q

Polypropylene

  1. feature
  2. uses
A

(C3H6)n
Isotactic
Syndiotactic
Atactic

Used in many structural forms, including films, (plastic chairs, tic tac lid)

34
Q

Polyvinyl chloride

A

(C2H3Cl)n, called vinyl resins

  • if without plasticizer: rigid, e.g. for pipes.
  • with plasticizers more fleible.
35
Q

Polystyrene

A

(C8H8)n

  • it is foamed and made intro disposable plates and cups, food trays, packing materials.
  • 25% styrene and 75% butadiene is known as SBR ans is used for making tires, hoses, rubber-coated fabrics, adhesives.
36
Q

Engineering resins

types

A
  1. Nylon (though and water resistant)
  2. Polycarbonates (glazing, helmets, and appliance casings)
  3. phenolics
37
Q

Common fibers

A
  • Nylon
  • Polyester (most common is polyethylene terephthalate - PET)
  • Acrylics
  • Polypropylene
38
Q

High-volume organic chemicals: raw material

A
  1. Petroleum and natural gas (90% of all organic chemicals)
  2. Coal
  3. Biomass
  4. Animal and vegetable oils.
39
Q

Major organic chemicals

A
  1. Ethylene
  2. Propylene
  3. Ethylene dichloride
  4. Benzene
  5. Vinyl chloride
  6. Methyl t-butyl ether
  7. Ethyle benzene
  8. Methanol
  9. Terephthalic acid
  10. Styrene
40
Q

Ethylene

  1. Name
  2. Properties
  3. Uses
  4. Manufacture
A

(CH2 = CH2)
2. colorless, highly flammable gas
3. Largest volume organic chemical. 50% on polyethylene, 20% on ethylene oxide. Also vinyl chloride and styrene.
In total almost 40% of all organic chemicals are based on ethylene.
4. Cracking of any low-cost hydrocarbon

41
Q

Ethylene derivatives

A
  • ethanol
  • ethylene glycol
  • acetic acid
  • polivynyl chloride
  • vinyl acetate
  • styrene
  • polyethylene (50% of all ethylene uses) - HDPE, LDPE
42
Q

Ethanol

  1. names
  2. why is ethanol worse than gasoline energy-wise
A
  1. Ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, industrial alcohol

2. Because it is already partially oxidized

43
Q

Ethylene oxide

  1. uses
  2. manufacture
  3. Notable use
A
  1. preparation of ethylene glycole for antifreeze and synthetic textile fibers (60%), hospital sterilant (15%), surfactants (10%), other chemicals (10%).
  2. Ethylene glycole is made by reacting ethylene oxide with water.
  3. Polyester is made by polymerizing ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid and then spinning textile fibers.
44
Q

Vinyl chloride

  1. names
  2. uses
  3. notable point
  4. Environment and toxicity
  5. Relation to other polymers
A
  1. Vinylchloride, chlorure de vinyle
  2. Exclusive use is for PVC. PVCs are low-cost, fire retardant, and have good structural properties.
  3. 10% of all ethylene produced in the US is used fro this.
  4. VCM is very toxic and carcinogenic. PVC not, but when burned it produced hydrogen chloride which dissolves in atmospheric water to give hydrochloric acid.
  5. PVC is second only to Polyethylene. The latter is better for environment. PVC is used in containers, plastic pipes, raincoats, flood coverings.
45
Q

Ethylbenzene and Styrene

  1. name in German
  2. Manufacture and relation between them.
  3. Uses
A

1 . Styrol !

  1. 2 step reaction. Ethylbenzene is isolated and than transformed with catalyst into benzene. Ethylbenzen and styrene plants are usually built together.
  2. Ethylbenzene is used to manufacture styrene. Styrene mostly to polystyrene (half of styrene produced), but also copolymerized with other monomers to make rubber and moldable plastics.
46
Q

Propylene

  1. properties
  2. uses
  3. Manufacture
A
  1. colorless flammable gas. Can be substituted for propaane in liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
  2. Used in the petroleum industry to make alkylate for improved octane gasoline.
    large quantities polymerized to polypropylene for carpeting, ropes, upholstery.
    Starting material for many chemicals such as acetone.
  3. Like ethylene. Cracking low-cost hydrocarbons. Slightly cheaper than erhylene. Same plants.
47
Q

Propylene derivatives

A 
acrylonitrite
isopropanol (solvent; oldest still-running organic chemical process)
allyl chloride
propylene oxide
acrolein
polypropylene
isopopylbenzene
48
Q

Acrylonitrile

  1. uses
  2. Manufacture
  3. past uses
A
  1. Acrylic textile fibers are primarly polymers of acrylonitrile. It is copolymerized with styrene and butadiene to make moldable plastics known as SA and ABS resins, respectively.
  2. The reaction of propylene with ammonia and air.
  3. Acrylic textile fibers uses to be very popular.
49
Q

Propylene oxide

  1. uses.
  2. more uses of polypropylene glycol
A
  1. About 60% of the propylene oxide made is polymerized into polypropylene glycol (PPG). The latter is widely used in polyester resins based on maleic anhydride.
  2. Automobile and furniture seating, foam matresses, carpet underlayment.
50
Q

isopropylbenzene
1. common name
2, uses

A
  1. cumene
  2. phenol and acetone. The latter is used for methyl methacrylate: plexiglas, or lucite.
    The former is used fro phenol-formaldehyde resins.
51
Q

Epichlorohydrin

1. uses

A
  1. Virtually all epoxy resins are made with starting materials based on epichlorohydrin. + pharma
    Epoxy resins are corrosion resistant. (for tanks, pipes, coatings)
52
Q

Butadiene

  1. Properties
  2. Uses
  3. Manufacture
  4. Noticible feature
A
  1. colorless, odorless, flammable gas. Dimerizes thermally and forms explosive peroxydes with oxygen.
  2. Polymerization to polybutadiene and copolymerization with styrene to make synthetic rubber (SBR) for tires and others. + some nylon.
  3. Dehydrogenation of butene.
  4. plentiful supplies and stable price. Versatile beaceause two reactive double bonds. Huge R&D potential.
53
Q

Butadiene derivatives:

A 
hexamethylenediamine
chloroprene
cyclotadiene
cyclododecatriene
polybutadiene
styrene-butadiene rubber.
54
Q

Butadiene history

A
  1. Natural rubber latex vulcanized for the first time by Charles Goodyear in 1839. Vulcanization is crosslinking reaction of double bonds in the latez structure with sulfur. Polymerization of butadiene with itself results in a material that still conains double bonds. Therefore it can still be vulcanized like natural rubber.
  2. Lebchv in 1910: first use of butadiene as synthetic rubber.
  3. DuPon 1931: Neoprene, first important commercial synthetic rubber.
55
Q

Hexymethylenediamine

  1. Major use
  2. History
  3. Manufacture today
A
  1. Nylon 66 by polymerization with dipic acid.
  2. Cyclohexane from coal was used to make adipic acid, that was transformed with ammonia to hexamethylenediamine.
    The Ammonia was made from nitrogen from air with hydrogen from water in the water-gas shift reaction with carbon monoxide from coal.
    So in the 1950s, nylon was advertised by Dupont as made from coal, air, and water
  3. three different routes: - the original from adipic acid,
    - the electrodimerization of acrylonitrile
    -the addition of hydrogen cyanide to butadiene.
56
Q

Cyclooctadiene and cyclododecatriene

A
  1. Cyclooctadiene is reacted with bromine to make fire-retardants. The other to Nylon.
57
Q

Benzene

  1. Properties
  2. Uses
  3. Manufacture
  4. History
A
  1. Clar, colorless, flammable liquid. Characteristic ofor. Toxic and carcinogenic.
  2. raw materials for myriad products: plastics, detergents, textile fibers, drugs, dyes, insecticides. Also in gasoline.
  3. Before from coal (coal oil), today from petroleum. It was the steel industry that manufactured it in coke ovens (coal to coke).
  4. Isolated by Faraday in 1825, structure understood by Kekule in 1865. in the 1930s proved by Pauling.
58
Q

Benzene derivatives

A
  • ethylbenzene
  • cyclohexane
  • isopropylbenzene
  • nitrobenzene
  • chlorobenzene
  • maleic anhydride
59
Q

Cyclohexane

A
  1. 90% of all the cyclohexane made it used to make nylon intermediates
60
Q

Nitrobenzene and aniline

A
  1. Virtually all of nitrobenzen is converted to aniline. Aniline is used to make rubber chemicals, textile fibers intermediates, dyes and pharna + 4,4’-diaminodiphenyl methane for foams and rubbers.
61
Q

Maleic Andhydride

  1. uses
  2. manufacture
  3. Uses of main product
A
  1. Preparation of unsaturated polyester resins. + oil additives and agricultural chemicals.
  2. used to be made from benzene, now from butane.
  3. Unsaturated polyester resins are used in coating to boat hulls, truck caps, and a variety of other uses where a smooth weatherproof, hard-surfaced material is desired.
62
Q

Xylenes

  1. properties
  2. uses
  3. Manufacture.
A

(C6H4(CH3)2)
1. colorless liquids. Three types: ortho, meta, and para.
2. solvents and octane enhncers in gasoline (high anti-knock characteristics).
dicarboxylic acids.
3. Alongside with benzene and toluene from the cataytic reforming of naphta and separated from the aromatic mixture by distillation,

63
Q

Xylene derivatives

A
  • phthalic anhydride (plasticizers in polymers and unsaturated polyester resins.)
  • Terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate (for the manufacture of PET polyesters)
64
Q

Methods of pollution control

A
  • reduction of effluent volume
  • total elimination of effluent at the source
  • water reuse
  • recovery and recycle of ingredients
  • recpvery of secondary products for sale
  • physical separations
  • chemical treatment
  • biological treatment
  • incineration
  • dilution
65
Q

Pollution control laws and regulations

A

1906 - Pure Food and Drug Act established FDA.
1969 - National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
1970 - Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1970 - The Clean Air Act
1976 - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - wastes here.
1976 - Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

66
Q

Catastophies

A
  1. 1917 - Workers making exploives durin WWI develop jaundice from dust inhalation
  2. 1921 - Oppau plant explosion- chemical nitrate, 600 victims.
  3. 1947: ship in texas with ammonium nitrate explodes - 581 dead, 3000 injured.
  4. 1962 - Thalydomid
  5. 1965 - Minamata (mercury in water)
  6. 1974: an explosion at nylon-intermediates plant in England killed 28 people. Flixborough disaster.
  7. 1976 Seveso disaster
  8. 1978: Love canal
  9. 1983:
    The Toxic Oil Syndrome
  10. 1984 Bhopal explosion: 2500 dead

Chemia (2 decks)

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