Chemistry

Question 1

Organic molecule

Answer 1

Molecules containing carbon atoms with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, diamond, graphite, carbonates (or bicarbonates), carbides and cyanides.

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

Question 3

Functional group

Answer 3

An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule.

Question 4

Homologous series

Answer 4

A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula in which each member differed the next by a single CH2 unit.

Question 5

Alkanes

Answer 5

Compounds that only contain single bonds (CnH2n+2)

Question 6

Alkenes

Answer 6

Compounds that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain (CnH2n)

Question 7

Alkynes

Answer 7

Compounds that contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the chain (CnH2n-2)

Question 8

Molecular formula

Answer 8

Shows how many atoms of each element are present

Question 9

Structural formula

Answer 9

A diagram which shows exactly where each atom within the molecule is found.

Question 10

Condensed structural formula

Answer 10

Shows exactly how many hydrogen atoms are connected to each carbon atom.

Question 11

Catenation

Answer 11

The ability of Carbon to bond with itself.

Question 12

Saturated compound

Answer 12

A compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.

Question 13

Unsaturated compound

Answer 13

A compound in which there is at least one doubt and/or triple bond between carbon atoms.

Question 14

Esterification reaction

Answer 14

A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Thus, forming an ester.

Question 15

Isomers

Answer 15

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Question 16

Van der Waals forces

Answer 16

Weak IMF

Question 17

Hydrogen bond

Answer 17

Strong IMF found in NH3, H2O, and HF, also found in alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Question 18

What is required for an addition(Hydrogenation) reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Alkane)

Answer 18

H2 and heat under pressure with Nickel or platinum catalyst.

Question 19

What is required for an addition reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Haloalkane)

Answer 19

Halogenation - Add X2

Hydrohalogenation - Add HX with no H2O present.

Question 20

What is required for an addition reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Alcohol)

Answer 20

Add H2O - Pass alkene and steam over heated H3PO4 acid catalyst @ high pressure.

Question 21

What is required for an substitution reaction to occur? (Alkane -> Haloalkane)

Answer 21

Needs to be in the presence of UV light or heat

Question 22

What is required for an substitution (Hydrolysis) reaction to occur? (Haloalkane -> Alcohol)

Answer 22

Heat with dilute alkali solution (i.e. with water)

Question 23

What is required for an elimination reaction to occur? (Alkane -> Alkane + Alkene)

Answer 23

Elimination cracking

Question 24

What is required for an elimination(dehydrohalogenation) reaction to occur? (Haloalkane -> Alkene)

Answer 24

NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent.

Question 25

What is required for an elimination(dehydration) reaction to occur?(Alcohol -> Alkene)

Answer 25

Dehydration - Hot purnice with Al2O3 or acid dehydration with conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4.

Question 26

What is required for an esterification reaction to occur?

Answer 26

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid -> Ester + Water

Question 27

Molar mass

Answer 27

The mass in grams of one mole of that | substance

Question 28

What 3 conditions are needed for a Hydrogen bond to occur?

Answer 28

a small atom - of high electronegativity - with at least one lone pair of electrons

Question 29

Arrhenius theory

Answer 29

An acid is a substance that ionises in water to produce hydronium ions. A base is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions.

Question 30

Bronsted-lowry theory

Answer 30

An acid is a proton (H+ ) donor. A base is a proton (H+ ) acceptor.

Question 31

Strong acids

Answer 31

An acid that ionises completely in an aqueous solution.

Question 32

Strong base

Answer 32

A base that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution.

Question 33

Weak acids

Answer 33

An acid that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution.

Question 34

Weak base

Answer 34

A base that only dissociates/ionises partially in an aqueous solution.

Question 35

A concentrated acid

Answer 35

A large amount of solute dissolved in a small amount of water.

Question 36

A dilute acid

Answer 36

A small amount of solute dissolved in a large amount of water.

Question 37

Salt

Answer 37

A substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation.

Question 38

Neutralisation/equivalence point

Answer 38

The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is in excess.

Question 39

Indicator

Answer 39

A substance that changes colour depending on the pH of a solution.

Question 40

Solution

Answer 40

A homogenous mixture of solute and solvent.

Question 41

A standard solution

Answer 41

A standard solution has a known concentration and it will remain constant for a while.

Question 42

Amphoretic/Amphiprotic substance

Answer 42

A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.

Question 43

pH

Answer 43

A number that indicates the degree of the acidity of a solution.

Question 44

Ionisation

Answer 44

The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.

Question 45

Dissociation

Answer 45

The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions.

Question 46

The measure of ionisation of an acid

Answer 46

Is a measure of the strength of an acid.

Question 47

The measurement of dissociation of a base

Answer 47

Is a measure of the strength of a base.

Question 48

Hydrolysis of a salt

Answer 48

A reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water.