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Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic molecule

A

Molecules containing carbon atoms with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, diamond, graphite, carbonates (or bicarbonates), carbides and cyanides.

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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3
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule.

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4
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula in which each member differed the next by a single CH2 unit.

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5
Q

Alkanes

A

Compounds that only contain single bonds (CnH2n+2)

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6
Q

Alkenes

A

Compounds that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain (CnH2n)

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7
Q

Alkynes

A

Compounds that contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the chain (CnH2n-2)

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8
Q

Molecular formula

A

Shows how many atoms of each element are present

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9
Q

Structural formula

A

A diagram which shows exactly where each atom within the molecule is found.

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10
Q

Condensed structural formula

A

Shows exactly how many hydrogen atoms are connected to each carbon atom.

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11
Q

Catenation

A

The ability of Carbon to bond with itself.

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12
Q

Saturated compound

A

A compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.

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13
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

A compound in which there is at least one doubt and/or triple bond between carbon atoms.

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14
Q

Esterification reaction

A

A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Thus, forming an ester.

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15
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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16
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Weak IMF

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Strong IMF found in NH3, H2O, and HF, also found in alcohols and carboxylic acids.

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18
Q

What is required for an addition(Hydrogenation) reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Alkane)

A

H2 and heat under pressure with Nickel or platinum catalyst.

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19
Q

What is required for an addition reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Haloalkane)

A

Halogenation - Add X2

Hydrohalogenation - Add HX with no H2O present.

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20
Q

What is required for an addition reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Alcohol)

A

Add H2O - Pass alkene and steam over heated H3PO4 acid catalyst @ high pressure.

21
Q

What is required for an substitution reaction to occur? (Alkane -> Haloalkane)

A

Needs to be in the presence of UV light or heat

22
Q

What is required for an substitution (Hydrolysis) reaction to occur? (Haloalkane -> Alcohol)

A

Heat with dilute alkali solution (i.e. with water)

23
Q

What is required for an elimination reaction to occur? (Alkane -> Alkane + Alkene)

A

Elimination cracking

24
Q

What is required for an elimination(dehydrohalogenation) reaction to occur? (Haloalkane -> Alkene)

A

NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent.

25
Q

What is required for an elimination(dehydration) reaction to occur?(Alcohol -> Alkene)

A

Dehydration - Hot purnice with Al2O3 or acid dehydration with conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4.

26
Q

What is required for an esterification reaction to occur?

A

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid -> Ester + Water

27
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass in grams of one mole of that

substance

28
Q

What 3 conditions are needed for a Hydrogen bond to occur?

A

a small atom

  • of high electronegativity
  • with at least one lone pair of electrons
29
Q

Arrhenius theory

A

An acid is a substance that ionises in water to produce hydronium ions.
A base is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide
ions.

30
Q

Bronsted-lowry theory

A

An acid is a proton (H+
) donor.
A base is a proton (H+

) acceptor.

31
Q

Strong acids

A

An acid that ionises completely in an aqueous solution.

32
Q

Strong base

A

A base that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution.

33
Q

Weak acids

A

An acid that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution.

34
Q

Weak base

A

A base that only dissociates/ionises partially in an aqueous solution.

35
Q

A concentrated acid

A

A large amount of solute dissolved in a small amount of water.

36
Q

A dilute acid

A

A small amount of solute dissolved in a large amount of water.

37
Q

Salt

A

A substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation.

38
Q

Neutralisation/equivalence point

A

The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is in excess.

39
Q

Indicator

A

A substance that changes colour depending on the pH of a solution.

40
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of solute and solvent.

41
Q

A standard solution

A

A standard solution has a known concentration and it will remain constant for a while.

42
Q

Amphoretic/Amphiprotic substance

A

A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.

43
Q

pH

A

A number that indicates the degree of the acidity of a solution.

44
Q

Ionisation

A

The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.

45
Q

Dissociation

A

The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions.

46
Q

The measure of ionisation of an acid

A

Is a measure of the strength of an acid.

47
Q

The measurement of dissociation of a base

A

Is a measure of the strength of a base.

48
Q

Hydrolysis of a salt

A

A reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water.

Physical science (13 decks)

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