Chemistry Flashcards
Organic molecule
Molecules containing carbon atoms with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, diamond, graphite, carbonates (or bicarbonates), carbides and cyanides.
Hydrocarbons
Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
Functional group
An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule.
Homologous series
A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula in which each member differed the next by a single CH2 unit.
Alkanes
Compounds that only contain single bonds (CnH2n+2)
Alkenes
Compounds that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain (CnH2n)
Alkynes
Compounds that contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the chain (CnH2n-2)
Molecular formula
Shows how many atoms of each element are present
Structural formula
A diagram which shows exactly where each atom within the molecule is found.
Condensed structural formula
Shows exactly how many hydrogen atoms are connected to each carbon atom.
Catenation
The ability of Carbon to bond with itself.
Saturated compound
A compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.
Unsaturated compound
A compound in which there is at least one doubt and/or triple bond between carbon atoms.
Esterification reaction
A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Thus, forming an ester.
Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Van der Waals forces
Weak IMF
Hydrogen bond
Strong IMF found in NH3, H2O, and HF, also found in alcohols and carboxylic acids.
What is required for an addition(Hydrogenation) reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Alkane)
H2 and heat under pressure with Nickel or platinum catalyst.
What is required for an addition reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Haloalkane)
Halogenation - Add X2
Hydrohalogenation - Add HX with no H2O present.
What is required for an addition reaction to occur? (Alkene -> Alcohol)
Add H2O - Pass alkene and steam over heated H3PO4 acid catalyst @ high pressure.
What is required for an substitution reaction to occur? (Alkane -> Haloalkane)
Needs to be in the presence of UV light or heat
What is required for an substitution (Hydrolysis) reaction to occur? (Haloalkane -> Alcohol)
Heat with dilute alkali solution (i.e. with water)
What is required for an elimination reaction to occur? (Alkane -> Alkane + Alkene)
Elimination cracking
What is required for an elimination(dehydrohalogenation) reaction to occur? (Haloalkane -> Alkene)
NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent.
What is required for an elimination(dehydration) reaction to occur?(Alcohol -> Alkene)
Dehydration - Hot purnice with Al2O3 or acid dehydration with conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4.
What is required for an esterification reaction to occur?
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid -> Ester + Water
Molar mass
The mass in grams of one mole of that
substance
What 3 conditions are needed for a Hydrogen bond to occur?
a small atom
- of high electronegativity
- with at least one lone pair of electrons
Arrhenius theory
An acid is a substance that ionises in water to produce hydronium ions.
A base is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide
ions.
Bronsted-lowry theory
An acid is a proton (H+
) donor.
A base is a proton (H+
) acceptor.
Strong acids
An acid that ionises completely in an aqueous solution.
Strong base
A base that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution.
Weak acids
An acid that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution.
Weak base
A base that only dissociates/ionises partially in an aqueous solution.
A concentrated acid
A large amount of solute dissolved in a small amount of water.
A dilute acid
A small amount of solute dissolved in a large amount of water.
Salt
A substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation.
Neutralisation/equivalence point
The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is in excess.
Indicator
A substance that changes colour depending on the pH of a solution.
Solution
A homogenous mixture of solute and solvent.
A standard solution
A standard solution has a known concentration and it will remain constant for a while.
Amphoretic/Amphiprotic substance
A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.
pH
A number that indicates the degree of the acidity of a solution.
Ionisation
The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.
Dissociation
The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions.
The measure of ionisation of an acid
Is a measure of the strength of an acid.
The measurement of dissociation of a base
Is a measure of the strength of a base.
Hydrolysis of a salt
A reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water.
