Chemistry Flashcards
What does WHMIS stand for? What is WHMIS used for?
Workplace Hazardous Material Information System
~used for workplace/school environments and labs
~eight WHMIS symbols
What does HHPS stand for? Where is it used/found?
Hazardous Household Information Symbol
~Found in household products
~Four main HHPS symbols with three warning levels
What is a physical property?
Describes a substance without changing it chemically
What are the two groups physical properties are divided into?
Qualitative:described using your senses
Quantitative: properties that can be measured
What is a characteristic physical property? What are the 3 characteristic physical properties?
Physical properties that are unique to a substance, meaning no other substance has the same physical property
- density
- boiling/melting point
- mass
What is a chemical property? What are the three chemical properties?
Describe a substance as it is chemically changed into one or more new substances
-combustibility: measure of how easily a substance sets on fire
Ex: paint, fuel oil, magnesium
- light sensitivity: the reaction of a a substance exposed to light ex: hydrogen peroxide is kept in an opaque bottle because it reacts with light
- reaction to acid: the result of adding acid to a substance ex: copper turns green when exposed to acid
What is density? Boiling/melting point? Mass?
Density: ratio of it’s mass to it’s volume. The units are g/mL for liquid and g/cm3 for solid
Boiling point/melting point: the temperature at which a substance boils or melts ex: 0 degrees Celsius is the freezing point of water
Mass: the measure of the wight of a substance
What are the 8 qualitative physical properties? Explain each.
Lustre: shininess or dullness (how shiny a substance is) ex: silver has high lustre and rusty nail has low lustre
Optical clarity: to allow light to pass through; thin blue glass is transparent, frosted glass is translucent and a brick wall is opaque
Brittleness: break ability (how easily a substance breaks) ex: glass is brittle
Viscosity: the ability of a substance to flow or pour readily ex: molasses is viscous and water is less viscous
Hardness: the ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance ex: diamonds is high on the hardness scale and wax is low
Malleability: how flexible a substance is
Ductility: ability of a substance to be pulled into finer strands ex: pieces of copper
Electrical conductivity: ability of a substance to allow an electrical current to pass through ex: copper wires have high conductivity, plastics do not have any conductivity
What is a physical change? Give examples
- Change in the shape or form of a substance
- Doesn’t change what the original substance is
- can usually be reversed
- no new substance is formed
Ex: dissolving, breaking into smaller pieces…
Ex: sugar in water, cutting wood
What is a chemical change? Give examples
Change in the original substance as it reacts chemically with another substance
Ex: corrosion-chemical reaction between metal and oxygen
Ex: combustion-chemical reaction between a substance and oxygen that releases energy
What are the 5 clues a chemical change has occurred? Give examples of each.
- Change in odour
- garbage
- Change in colour
- eggs (clear to white after cooking)
- Gives off heat or light
- Glow stick or firefly
- Forms a precipitate
- milk and vinegar
- Bubbles or fizzes
- vinegar and baking soda
What is volume? Matter?
Volume: how much spaces etching takes up.
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
What is the formula for density? What is density, mass and volume measured in?
D=M\V
Mass: grams (g)
Volume: cm or cm^3
Density: g/cm^3 for solid and g/mL for liquid
What is the periodic table? What is it arranged by?
What does the horizontal and vertical axis tell you?
What is ion charge?
How do you find the number of neutrons?
The periodic table is a table of all the elements arranged in order by increasing atomic number
The horizontal axis is the period and it tells you the number of shells there are in that element
The vertical axis is the group/family and it tells you the number of valence electrons
An ion charge tells you the charge number it’ll have if it were to bond with other elements to have a full valence shell. The ion charge number depends on how many it’ll have to lose or gain to have a full valence shell
Subtract atomic number from atomic mass. AM-AN= # of neutrons
What are atoms? What are the 3 subatomic particles location and charge?
Atoms are the main building block of all matter. Made up of three subatomic particles:
Electrons: orbit around nucleus and is negatively charged
Protons: in the nucleus of atom and is positively charged
Neutron: in the nucleus of atom and has no charge
What are elements? Examples?
Element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Consists of only one type of atom
Ex: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Neon (all elements on the periodic table
What are molecules?
Two or more of the same or different atoms chemically joined together
Ex: H2, H2O
What is a particle?
Can be a single atom or molecule
Ex: Hydrogen (H), H2, H2O, HO3
What is a pure substance?
Substance made up of only ONE TYPE of particle; the particles are chemically joined together
Pure substances are elements, compounds, particles, molecules
Ex: H2O, H2, H2SO4, Fe
What is a mixture?
Substance made up of at least two DIFFERENT types of particles
Ex: H2O&H2SO4
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The “&“indicates that H2O and H2SO4 are not chemically combined but just mixed together
What is a compound?
Pure substance composed of two or more DIFFERENT elements joined together
Ex: H2OH, H2O
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. This is because compounds are two or more DIFFERENT elements joined together (ex: H2O, H2SO4) and molecules are two or more SAME or DIFFERENT atoms joined together. So, compounds can be molecules but not all molecules are compounds. The molecules that are made of the same atoms cannot be compounds.
What is a subscript?
Small number in front of element symbols indicating how many atoms there are
Ex: H2O
-2 hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen
Ex: (H2O)3
Six hydrogen atoms and three oxygen
What is a coefficient?
Total number of molecules present
Ex: 3H2O =H2O + H2O + H2O
Three H2O molecules
To count how many elements there are in a molecule, multiply all the elements to the coefficient
In this case, there are 6 hydrogen atoms and 3 oxygen
What are metals, non-metals and metalloids and where are they on the periodic table?
Metals: good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable. They are on the left side of the periodic table
Metalloids: have properties both of metals and non-metals. In their physical properties, they a more like non-metals, but under certain circumstances, several can be made to conduct electricity. Along the staircase between metals and non-metals, separating the two.
Non-metals. Are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity and are not malleable or ductile. Many non-metals are solids, liquids or gas at room temperature
What are the 5 trends in the periodic table?
- Valence electrons
- number of electrons in the outer most shell is the same for all the elements in the same group/family - Electron shell
- the number of electron shells is the same for all the elements in the same period - Reactivity
- the reactivity of an element increases as you go down a group - Atomic radius
- the distance from the centre of nucleus to the boundary of surrounding cloud of electrons (first shell) - Atomic mass
- the atomic mass of an element increases as you travel down a family/group
What are the group 1 elements? Group 2? Group 17? Group 18?
Group 1 elements are alkali metals. They are very reactive because they only have 1 valence electrons, so they can easily lose this to get a full valence shell
Group 2 elements are alkaline-earth metals. They are not as reactive as group 1 elements but still fairly reactive because they need to lose two electrons to have full valence shell
Group 17 elements are halogens and they are the most reactive elements in the periodic table because they have 7 valence electrons, so they can easily gain one to fill valence shell.
Group 18 elements are noble gases and they have full valence shell, so they are the least reactive elements.
Hydrogen has only 1 electron so it can either lose one or gain electrons. Very unreactive element
The reactivity of electrons in the outer-most shell increases as you travel __________ a ___________
Travel; group
The reactivity of an element depends on the ____________________________ it has.
Number of valence electrons
The number of electron shells increase as you travel down a _____________________
Period
The atomic radius of an element _______________ as the number of __________________ increase
Increase; electron shells
Atomic mass does not always increase as you travel down a family/group?
True-see nickel and cobalt
Atoms are held together by connections called _____________.
Bonds
The number of bonds depends on ____________________________________ in order to have a full valence shell.
How many electrons must be gained, lost or shared
The ability of an element to combine with other elements
Combining capacity
What are anions? Cations?
Anions: negative ions
Cations: positive ions
Ionic bonding always occurs between a _____________ and ______________.
Non metals will form ___________ and metals will form _____________.
Metal; non-metal
Anions: Cations
How do you test for oxygen? Hydrogen? Carbon dioxide? Why?
To test for oxygen, bring a glowing splint over the gas and if it catches on fire, then oxygen is present because oxygen supports combustion. To test for hydrogen, bring a burning splint over and if it burns out, then hydrogen is present because hydrogen does not support combustion. To test for carbon dioxide, you can bring a glowing splint over it and see of it catches fire, but that is also the same way to test for oxygen. So, if you put limewater in carbon dioxide and it turns cloudy or milky, then limewater is present.
What is a habitat? What are the two types of habitats?
A habitat is where an organism lives
Terrestrial- on the ground
Aquatic- in the water
What is the biosphere? What is the biosphere made up of?
The biosphere is the layer of planet earth where life exists
Atmosphere(air)
Lithosphere(earth/land)
Hydrosphere(water)
What is the atmosphere? Why is it important?
The atmosphere is layers of has that surround the Earth
It’s moderates surface temperature by acting like a blanket (prevents excessive heating during the day and cooling during the night)
It blocks out some incoming solar radiation (ultraviolet light), which causes skin cancer
What is the lithosphere?
Is the earths solid rocks/outer shell
Consists of rocks and minerals that make up the mountains, oceans and earths solid landscape
Ranges from 50-150 km in thickness
What is the hydrosphere?
All the water in earth (solid, liquid and gas form)
Includes clouds, groundwater, ice, lakes, oceans
What is biosphere 1? What is biosphere 2? What is the difference?
Biosphere 1 is closed (nothing leaves or enters except light energy) and self regulating
Biosphere 2 was a man-made earth created to mimic earth in 1991. Created by James Poynter and two other people in the Arizona desert. 3.14 acre
The difference is that biosphere 1 is natural and biosphere 2 is man-made
What was inside the biosphere 2? What was the point of it?
Desert, grassland, miniature ocean and tropical rainforests. Provides oxygen, absorbs CO2, recycle waste products and use photosynthesis to capture sunlight to produce plants and food.
The point of it was to see if we could create another earth in a place like Mars but also learn more about our earth
What is ecology? What is an ecosystem? Examples of ecosystems?
Ecology is the study of interactions between living and non-living
An ecosystem is all the living organisms (biotic) that share a region and interact with each other and their non-living (abiotic) environment
Ex: a forest is a large ecosystem and there are smaller ecosystems in there like a tree. Coral reef is a large ecosystem with smaller ones in it.
What can be used in fire extinguishers? What must be equal for an atom to be electrically neutral? What determines the chemical identity of an atom or ion?
Carbon dioxide
Protons and electrons
Number of protons
What is biotic and abiotic? What is the relationship between these two?
Biotic is the living components and their waste products and remains in an ecosystem
Abiotic is the non living components of an ecosystem (air, minerals).
The relations ship between these two factors is important because they rely on each other. All living organisms depend on abiotic factor for their food (need soil, water and sunlight for photosynthesis) and shelter (worms live in soil, stones can be used to make shelter). Animals help influence the cycles on earth, like the weather, which is abiotic.
What is a population? What is a community? What is an ecosystem?
A population is all of the same species living in an ecosystem
A community is individuals from different species
An ecosystem is a community interaction with other biotic and its abiotic factors
What is sustainability?
Sustainability is an ecosystem that is self-regulating or can live on its own without having to compromise for future generations
What are artificial ecosystems?
Created by man and require maintenance of both biotic and abiotic factors
Ex: fish tank; fish must be fed every once in a while, water must be changed, tank must be cleaned. Without us doing that, the fish would not live and the whole ecosystem would die
All organisms require _____________ to stay alive and function
Most of the this energy is ____________________ from the sun
Energy
Radiant energy
What is the difference between thermal energy, light energy and chemical energy?
Thermal energy only keeps the earths surface warm but cannot provide organisms with energy to function. Light energy can only be used by some organisms (producers) but cannot be stored and is not available during the night. Chemical energy is used by all organisms to function. It is not readily available because it us produced by plants, so you must eat the plant to get the chemical energy (C6H12O6)
What is the process in which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
-Carbon Dioxide from the air, light energy from the sun and water absorbed through the roots of the plant is taken by the plant, going into the chloroplast of the cells. The plant then releases oxygen as a product and glucose (C6H12O6), which stays in the plant and must be eaten by another organism to perform cellular respiration.
H20 + CO2 + light of energy= C6H12O6 + O2
What is cellular respiration?
Uses the stored energy (glucose) and O2 produced in photosynthesis and releases CO2 and H2O and energy
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy
What gives plants their green colour?
A chemical called chlorophyll in the chloroplast
Where does cellular respiration occur?
In the mitochondria of the cell
Species interacting with other species and their environment in a unique way is called what? What does this include?
Ecological niche
- What it eats
- What eats it
- How it behaves
What are autotrophs? What are heterotrophs?
Autotrophs are producers
They make their own food through photosynthesis
Turns Suns energy into chemical energy
Heterotrophs are consumers
Cannot photosynthesis
Eat other organisms to get energy
Animals that eat both plants and animals. What trophic level?
Animals that eat other animals only. What trophic level?
Animals that eat producers only. What trophic level?
Omnivores
-tertiary consumers (4th trophic level)
Omnivores
-secondary consumers (3rd trophic level)
Herbivores
-primary consumers (2nd trophic level)
This process helps return nutrients back into the soil
Decaying (decomposers)
What are scavengers?
Feed on the remains of other organisms
What are food webs useful for?
What happens when a species is removed or added to an ecosystem
What are food chain?
Illustrates who is whom in an ecosystem
Shows how energy is being passed in an ecosystem
_________________________ display relationships between trophic levels in an ecosystem. What are the 3 types?
Ecological pyramids
- pyramid of biomass (total mass in each trophic level)
- pyramid of energy (illustrates energy loss and transfer between trophic levels)
- pyramid of numbers (population in each trophic level)
Explain the water cycle.
The Sun heats up liquid from lakes, oceans, rivers and streams to evaporate then from a liquid state into a gaseous state
Moisture from plants or on plants evaporate from a liquid state into a gaseous state
The water vapour then rises higher into the atmosphere and starts to cool and become liquid again
When too much condensation happens, the air cannot hold abut anymore, so the cloud gets heavy and water falls back to earth
Collection is the movement of land water to oceans. It is water that consists of precipitation that does not evaporate
Groundwater movement of water underground
Explain the carbon cycle.
Carbon from the atmosphere is used by plants to make sugars.
Animals create carbon dioxide through the process of cellular respiration, which then gets released into the environment. When these plants and animals die, decomposers convert them into fossil fuels. When humans dig into the ground, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Deforestation releases carbon dioxide and so do animals.
Explain the nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere go onto the soil. When animals die, the nitrogen in them goes in the soil. Nitrogen fixing bacteria take in nitrogen gas and create nitrates, nitrites and ammonia so plants can take in the nitrogen. Animals eats these plants and nitrogen moves up the food chain. Denitrifying bacteria let out nitrogen gas into the atmosphere.
What is carbon deposits? Carbon sinks?
Carbon deposits is places where carbon us trapped for long periods of time. They form when dead organism fossils are compressed over long periods of time. When humans drill into the ground, the release large amounts of carbon dioxide that have been trapped for thousands of years into the atmosphere. This causes climate change.
Carbon sinks is large quantities of carbon in plant tissues
What are the 5 levels of species at risk?
Special concern: risk of becoming threatened or endangered
Threatened: risk of becoming endangered
Endangered: risk of becoming extirpated or extinct
Extirpated: species no longer exists in a certain place
Extinct: species no longer exists
What is an agro-ecosystems?
An ecosystem under agriculture management. It is unsustainable without human interaction.
What is tolerance range? What is optimal range?
Tolerance range is the range a species can survive but not thrive. Meaning it is not the species perfect or preferred range. Optimal range is the preferred range it can live and thrive. For example, if a species lives in warmer climates, then that is its preferred range or optimal range, but if it ends up living in a cooler environment, then that is its tolerance range, meaning it can tolerate that climate but cannot thrive or prefer.
What is habitat fragmentation? How does it affect biodiversity?
Habitat fragmentation is the division of a large habitat into smaller, isolated habitats. This affects biodiversity because for example, the species that are used to living in a large habitat and need to live in one get used to it, but when these habitats are divided up into smaller ones, these species get stressed out and won’t know how to live in such a small habitat.
What is commensalism? Mutualism? Parasitism?
When one organism benefits from the other organism but does not harm the other
When both organisms benefit
When only one organism benefits but harms the other
