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Cardiovacular Anatomy and Physiology I Q1 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Electrons stay around the nucleus in this

A

electron cloud

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2
Q

Atoms are electrically neutral because of this

A

they have the same number of electrons as they do protons

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3
Q

Another name for the outer most shell

A

valence shell

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4
Q

What determines the chemical properties of an atom

A

number of electrons in the valence shell

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5
Q

Isotopes

A

protons are the same with different numbers of neutrons

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6
Q

What makes an isotope radioactive

A

it being unstable. not all electrons in valence shell are paired

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7
Q

What is an element ?

A

pure substance that cannot be changed or broken down

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8
Q

What is a compound ?

A

2 or more different elements

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9
Q

Name 3 types of chemical bonds

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

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10
Q

What is a molecule?

A

atoms are held together by covalent bonds

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11
Q

What is an atom that loses an electron called?

A

Cation

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12
Q

What is an atom that gains an electron called?

A

Anion

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13
Q

Which bond shares electrons?

A

covalent

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14
Q

What does covalent non-polar bonds mean?

A

the electrons are shared equally between the pair

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15
Q

What does polar covalent bonds mean ?

A

electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms

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16
Q

What are Hydrogen bonds?

A

between 2 polar molecules that contain hydrogen

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17
Q

What are free radicals?

A

they have unpaired electrons in the valence shell and pull off from the neighbouring atom

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18
Q

What do free radicals cause?

A

oxidative stress (inflammation)

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19
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Donate to free radicals without becoming a free radical themselves

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20
Q

What is an example of decomposition rxn ?

A

AB ——-> A + B

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21
Q

What is an example of a synthesis rxn ?

A

A + B ——-> AB

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22
Q

What is an example of an exchange rxn?

A

AB + CD ———-> AC + BD

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23
Q

What is an example of a reversible rxn?

A

A + B AB

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24
Q

What is an enzyme ?

A

proteins made by the body to lower activation energy

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25
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

repels water

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26
Q

What does hydrophilic mean ?

A

dissolves easily in water

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27
Q

What is the definition for hydrolysis?

A

water is added

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28
Q

What is the definition of dehydration ?

A

water is removed

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29
Q

Is water polar or non polar covalent bond ?

A

polar molecule

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30
Q

What is it called when ionic bonds dissolve?

A

ionization or dissociation

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31
Q

TRUE / FALSE :

Electrolytes are soluble inorganic molecules whose ions cannot conduct electricity.

A

FALSE

Electrolytes conduct electricity

32
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A

Sodium Na+

33
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

A

Potassium K+

34
Q

What is the normal blood pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

35
Q

What are acids ?

A

any solute that dissociates in a solution and releases [H+]

ex// HCl-

36
Q

What is a base ?

A

any solute that removes the [H+] ions from a solution and releases [OH-]
ex// KOH

37
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic compound contains anything but [H+] or [OH-]

38
Q

What are buffers?

A

compounds that stabilize pH

holds on to hydrogen temporarily

39
Q

What is an example of a buffer?

A

carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system

40
Q

What do organic compounds always contain?

A

carbon and hydrogen

41
Q

Name three types of carbohydrates.

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
polysaccharides

42
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

single sugar

43
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

44
Q

What is a polysaccharide ?

A

complex carb.

45
Q

Name some examples of polysaccharides

A

starches
glycogen
cellulose/fiber

46
Q

What is the stored form of glucose?

47
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver and skeletal muscle

48
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

glycogen being broken down

49
Q

What is the hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis?

50
Q

Are lipids soluble ?

A

Lipids are insoluble because they are non polar

51
Q

Name two types of fatty acids.

A

saturated

unsaturated

52
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

atoms in a chain are attached to a H

causes chain to be stiff

53
Q

What is a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

2 or more double bonds in a fatty acid chain

54
Q

What is a trans fatty acid?

A

heat switches the bonds of Hydrogen ( the hydrogen used to be going up and now it’s going down )

55
Q

What are triglycerides used for ?

A

insulation and protection

56
Q

What do steroids form?

A

sex hormones

bile salts

57
Q

Where is cholesterol made in the body?

58
Q

What’s another name for covalent bonds when referring to protein structure?

A

peptide bonds

59
Q

Where does a protein get its shape?

A

Hydrogen bonds

60
Q

What is protein conformation change?

A

like curly ribbon
the protein is activated and changes its shape and once it’s done with whatever it needs to do it returns to its original form.

61
Q

What’s the name of the substance that the enzyme works on?

62
Q

What’s the name of the finish product of the changed substrate?

63
Q

The process when each enzyme works on one type of rxn.

A

specificity

64
Q

Cofactors/coenzymes

A

minerals and vitamins

65
Q

Name two nucleic acids?

66
Q

What is RNA?

A

Manufacture proteins using information provided by DNA

67
Q

What is ATP?

A

A high energy compound

68
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

vital cell function and synthesis of proteins

69
Q

What are the two most common hydrogen bonded molecules in the body?

70
Q

What is HCO3 - ?

A

bicarbonate

71
Q

What is H2CO3 ?

A

Carbonic Acid

72
Q

What is a neutral pH?

73
Q

The lower end of the pH scale is (acidic/basic).

74
Q

The higher end of the pH scale is (acidic/basic).

75
Q

What is glycogenisis ?

A

a formation of glycogen stimulated by insulin

76
Q

What is denaturation ?

A

lose its shape

77
Q

What causes denaturation ?

A

high temperatures

change in pH

Cardiovacular Anatomy and Physiology I Q1 (5 decks)

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