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Basics of Chemistry > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter an how matter changes under different conditions:

A

chemistry

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2
Q

The study of substances that contain the element carbon (were alive):

A

organic chemistry

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3
Q

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen (were never alive):

A

inorganic chemistry

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4
Q

What is Matter?

A

It is any substance that occupies space and has mass.

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5
Q

All matter exists in one of three different physical forms:

A

Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

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6
Q

What is an Element?

A

It is the simplest form of chemical matter. It cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.

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7
Q

What is an Atom?

A

They are the smallest chemical components of an element. They are the structures that make up an element and have the same properties of the element.

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8
Q

Why are elements different from one another?

A

Because the structure of their atoms are different.

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9
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

It is a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite proportions.

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10
Q

What is water made from?

A

Hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms.

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11
Q

What is carbon dioxide made from?

A

Carbon atoms and oxygen atoms.

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12
Q

What is an Elemental Molecule?

A

Its an atmospheric oxygen and other chemical substances, such as nitrogen and water vapor, make up the air you breathe. Contains two or more atoms of the SAME element in definite proportions. (Oxygen)

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13
Q

aka Compounds, a chemical combination of two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements in definite proportions:
(table salt)

A

compound molecule

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14
Q

What are Physical Properties?

A

characteristics that do not involve chemically changing a substance.

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15
Q

What are Chemical Properties?

A

Are characterisitcs that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.

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16
Q

What is a Physical Change?

A

It is a change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.

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17
Q

When does a physical change occur?

A

When a temproary haircolor is applied to the hair or nail polish is taken off the nail with a remover solvent.

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18
Q

What is a Chemical Change?

A

Is a change in the chemical composition or make up of a substance. This change is caused by chemical reactions that create new chemical substances, usually by combinging or subtracting certain elements.

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19
Q

Whats an example of a chemical change?

A

Oxidation of haircolor. Wood burning and turning into charcoal.

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20
Q

What is oxidation-reduction?

A

Also known as REDOX, is a chemical reation in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).

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21
Q

What is an Oxidizing Agent?

A

It is a substance that releases oxygen. An example would be Hydrogen peroxide which can be thought of as water with an extra atom of oxygen.

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22
Q

What is a Reducing Agent?

A

It is a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compund or subtracts oxygen from the coumpound.

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23
Q

What is a reduction?

A

It is the process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reation. This chemical reaction is called a reduction reaction.

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24
Q

What are Exothermic Reactions?

A

Under certain circumstances, chemical reactions can release a significant amount of heat. (Nail product that hardens)

25
Q

What is Combustion?

A

Is the rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.

26
Q

What is a Pure Substance?

A

It is a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions. Pure substances have unique properties.

27
Q

Distilled water is a pure substance that results from the combination of what?

A

Two atoms of the element hydrogen and one atom of the element oxygen in fixed proportions. Water that comes out of a faucet is not PURE water.

28
Q

What is a Physical Mixture?

A

It is a physical combination of matter in any proportions.

29
Q

Physical mixtures include:

A

Solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.

30
Q

What is a solution?

A

It is a stable physical mixture of two or more substances.

31
Q

What is a Solute?

A

It is the substance that is being dissolved into the solution.

32
Q

What is the solvent?

A

It is the substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution. (when salt is dissolved into water)

33
Q

What is Miscible?

A

Liquids are mutually soluable, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions. Water and alcohol are examples of miscible liquids.

34
Q

What is Immiscible?

A

Liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. Water and oil are examples of immiscible liquids.

35
Q

What is Suspension?

A

It is unstable physical mixtures of undissolved partivles in a liquid. (Glitter in nail polish that can separate form the polish) (Oil and vinegar salad dressing)

36
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

It is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.

37
Q

What is an Emulsifier?

A

It is an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend. (Example is Hand lotion)

38
Q

What is a Surfactant?

A

Substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify. They are one type of emulsifier. The term surfactant is a contraction for surface active agent.

39
Q

What is Oil-in-water emulsion?

A

Oil droplets are emulsified in water.

40
Q

What is Water-in-oil emulsion?

A

Water droplets are emulsified in oil.

41
Q

What are Volatile alcohols?

A

Those that evaporate easily, such as isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) and ethyl alcohol. (Hairspray)

42
Q

What are Alkanolamines?

A

Are alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products. They are often used in place of ammonia because they produce less odor.

43
Q

What is Ammonia?

A

It is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.

44
Q

What is Glycerin?

A

It is a sweet, colorless, oily substance. It is used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.

45
Q

What are Silicones?

A

They are a special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers. Silicones are less greasy than other oils and form a breathable film that does not cause comedones. Give skin a silky feeling.

46
Q

What is an Ion?

A

It is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

47
Q

What is an Anion?

A

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

48
Q

What is a Cation?

A

An ion with a positive electrical charge.

49
Q

What is a pH Scale?

A

It is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance. It has a range of 0-14. A pH of 7 is a neutral solution, a pH below 7 indicates an acidic solution, and above 7 indicates an alkaline solution.

50
Q

What is Logarithm?

A

Means multiples of 10. Since the pH scale is a logarithmic scale, a change of one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH. This means, for example, that a pH of 8 is 10 times more alkaline that a pH of 7. A change of two whole numbers represents a change of 10 times 10, or a 100 fold change.

51
Q

The pH scale of pure water:

A

7

52
Q

When stored under ideal conditions, a properly formulated emulsion can be stable for how long?

A

3 years

53
Q

There are how many naturally occurring elements, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties?

A

90

54
Q

Which physical mixture has the largest particles and is usually a solid color?

A

emulsion

55
Q

Two or more immiscible substances combine with a special binding ingredient to create a:

A

emulsion

56
Q

Chemical services such as hair colors, hair lighteners, and perm solutions require what reactions?

A

redox reactions

57
Q

Most emulsions used in the salon are:

A

oil-in-water emulsions

58
Q

Nailpolish is an example of a:

A

suspension

59
Q

Also called a base, _______ is a compound that reacts with acids to form salts:

A

alkali

Basics of Chemistry (1 decks)

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