Chemistry Flashcards
What are ions?
Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons from their outer shell.
How do metals and non-metals behave in terms of electron transfer?
Metals lose electrons and form cations (positive), while non-metals gain electrons and form anions (negative).
What do rows and columns represent in the periodic table?
Rows are called periods, and columns are called groups.
What is the characteristic of Group 8 elements?
Group 8 elements are neutral and are known as noble gases.
What makes noble gases unreactive?
Noble gases have full outer electron shells, making them unreactive.
What are ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds are any compounds that contain one cation and one anion, commonly referred to as salts.
How are ionic bonds formed?
Ionic bonds are formed when a metal atom donates one or more of its electrons to a non-metal atom, resulting in both atoms becoming ions with full valence shells.
What is unique about transition metals?
Transition metals often have multiple types of possible ions.
How are transition metals named?
When naming transition metals, Roman numerals must be used to indicate which ion is used in the compound, e.g., Lead (II) Sulfide.
What are polyatomic ions?
Ions that contain more than one type of atom are called polyatomic ions, e.g., Sulphate-[SO4]^2-.
How is the reactivity of a metal described?
The reactivity of a metal can be described by its willingness to give up an electron.
What happens to reactivity as you move down a group in the periodic table?
As you move down a group, it becomes easier for metals to give up their valence electrons, increasing their reactivity.
What happens to the attraction between valence electrons and the nucleus as you move down a group?
The distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus increases, weakening their attraction.
What happens to reactivity as you move across a row in the periodic table?
As you move across a row, the number of shells stays the same, but the number of protons increases, leading to stronger attraction and less reactivity.
What is a metal displacement reaction?
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from a compound.
What is produced when a metal reacts with an acid?
hydrogen gas and a salt (ionic compound).
What determines the type of ionic compound formed when a metal reacts with an acid?
The type of ionic compound that forms depends on the metal and acid involved.
What is the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid?
Zinc + hydrochloric acid → Zinc chloride + hydrogen.
What are the anions associated with common acids?
Hydrochloric - Chloride, Sulphuric - Sulphate, Nitric - Nitrate.
What is collision theory?
Collision theory describes the behavior of particles during chemical reactions.
What are the three criteria for a successful reaction according to collision theory?
- Collision - particles must be in physical contact. 2. Sufficient Energy - must have enough kinetic energy to break chemical bonds. 3. Correct Orientation.
How does temperature affect reaction rates?
Molecules in a hot substance have more energy and move faster, leading to more frequent collisions and a greater probability of reaction.
How does concentration affect reaction rates?
A high concentration of a solution means particles are closer together, increasing the probability of successful collisions.
How does surface area affect reaction rates?
Breaking something into smaller pieces increases surface area, which increases the chance of collisions.
