Chemistry Flashcards
What are physical properties of matter?
- volume and shape
- density
- compressibility
- thermal expansion (measure of a change in volume resulting from a change in temp)
What is avogadro’s constant?
A mole of a substance contains 6.02214 x 10^23 atoms or molecules
What is the KMT (kinetic molecular theory)?
A set of 5 statements that explain the physical behavior of the three states of matter (solids, liquids, gases).
What are the first 2 statements?
- Matter is composed of tiny particles that have definite and characteristic sizes that do not change.
- The particles are in constant, random motion and therefore possess kinetic energy
what are the last three statements?
- The particles interact with one another through attractions and repulsions, therefore possess potential energy
- The kinetic energy (velocity) of the particles increases as the temperature is increases
- The particles in a system transfer energy to each other through elastic collisions
What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic Energy is energy that matter possesses because of particle motion. If an object’s in motion it can transfer kinetic energy to another object upon collision with that object.
Which states of matter have the most kinetic/potential energy?
- Solids have the most potential energy
- Liquids have relatively equal amounts of kinetic and potential energy.
- Gases are have the most kinetic energy.
What is the thermal expansion of solids?
As temperature increases, the particles vibrate, making them take up more space and a slight expansion occurs.
Thermal expansion in liquids?
as temperature increases, particle velocity increases and more vibrational amplitudes (distance of movement from its original position to the extreme position) occur.
So the particles occupy larger volume.
Thermal expansion in gases?
As the temperature increases, particle velocity increases which allows them to push back whatever barrier is confining them into a given volume, thus volume increases.
what factors affect the rate of reaction?
temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalyst use
What is collision theory?
Particles must collide to react, they must have sufficient energy, and they must have the correct orientation.
What does rate of reaction depend on?
the frequency of collisions between particles and the energy with which particles collide. If particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, they will not react (just bounce off each other)
what is Dissociation
Dissociation is the production of ions from an ionic compound that has been dissolved in solution.
What 2 things are needed for a sucessful collision?
The particles must collide in the right orientation and have enough energy (activation energy).
what is Ionization
ionization involves covalent bonds, and is the production of new ions from a molecular compound that has been dissolved in solution
what is the law of conservation mass?
matter (atoms and molecules) cannot be created or destroyed. So there must be the same number of atoms on each side of the equation.
Decomposition
A reaction where a complex molecule breaks down into simpler products.
Synthesis
A reaction where two reactants combine to make a larger, more complex product.
what are the five types of Chemical Reactions?
- Synthesis reaction
- Decomposition reaction
- Single displacement reaction
- Double displacement reaction
- Complete Combustion reaction
Single displacement
A reaction where one element displaces another element in a compound, producing a new compound and a new single element.
Complete Combustion
A reaction with fuel (C?H?) and oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.
Double displacement
A reaction where elements in different compounds exchange places, producing two new compounds.
what are cations?
metals that lose electrons to become positive ions
what are anions?
non-metals that gain electrons to become negative ions.
what are the types of ionic compounds?
simple binary, polyatomic, and transition metal.
what is sublimation?
Change from solid to gas or gas to solid w/o becoming a liquid
What is ionization?
transition from gas to plasma.
what is an endothermic change?
Change of state in which heat energy is absorbed (melting, sublimation, evaporation)
what is an exothermic change
change of state in which heat energy is given off (freezing, condensation, deposition).
what is an acid
what is a base
what is a conjugate acid-base-pair?
