Chemistry

Question 1

Hydrolysis

Answer 1

Addition of water molecule, used to disassemble polymers into monomers

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

Single sugar molecule (glucose, ribose, deoxyribose)

Question 3

Steroids

Answer 3

Component of the plasma membrane
Hormones such as testosterone, estrogen

Question 4

Triglycerides

Answer 4

Fats! Long-term energy storage

Question 5

Phospholipids

Answer 5

Molecules self-arrange when placed in water. The “tails” overlap and hide from water, while the “heads” attract themselves to water. This creates a bilayer, which forms the cell membrane.

Question 6

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

Polymers of monosaccharides (e.g., starch)

Question 7

Disaccharides

Answer 7

Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. Soluble and sweet

Question 8

Dehydration

Answer 8

Removal of a water molecule, used to connect monomers to make polymers

Question 9

What is the properties of a Carbon Atom

Answer 9

6 electrons total, 4 in the outer shell. One atom can bind with up to 4 other atoms. Often, it will bond with other carbon atoms to form a hydrocarbon

Question 10

Inorganic molecules

Answer 10

Chemistry of elements other than carbon (usually not found in living organisms)

Question 11

Organic Molecules

Answer 11

Carbon based chemistry (usually found in living organisms)

Question 12

What are oils used for?

Answer 12

Long term energy storage in plants and their seeds

Question 13

What are the properties of waxes?

Answer 13

Wear resistance, water retention (waterproof), high boiling point

Question 14

What are the functions of protein?

Answer 14

Support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones, and motion

Question 15

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 15

DNA is hereditary, double-stranded helix while RNA interprets genetic info, is single-stranded, and is responsible for protein synthesis

Question 16

Where is DNA found?

Answer 16

Chromosomes in cell’s nucleus

Question 17

Where is RNA found?

Answer 17

Cell nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 18

Polypeptide?

Answer 18

Four or more amino acids bonded together

Question 19

Peptide bond?

Answer 19

Amino acids joined together end to end

Question 20

What is the polarity of the heads and tails of phospholipids?

Answer 20

Heads- polar (stay next to water), Tails- nonpolar (exclude water)

Question 21

What are the 5 lipids?

Answer 21

Fat, oil, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Question 22

Proteins are made up of?

Answer 22

Amino Acids

Question 23

What do nucleic acids make up?

Answer 23

DNA and RNA

Question 24

ADP

Answer 24

Adenosine Diphosphate
is a molecule that transfers energy and is involved in metabolism.
When ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases a phosphate which creates energy. The resulting molecule is ADP. (A phosphate can be given back to ADP to create ATP restarting the process)

Question 25

Macromolecules?

Answer 25

Large polymers assembled by small repeating monomer subunits

Question 26

ATP

Answer 26

Adenosine Triphosphate An energy molecule cells use to power work. Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphate molecules, and released when the bonds are broken.

Question 27

Monomers

Answer 27

a small molecule that acts as a building block, combining with other similar molecules to form larger, more complex structures called polymers essentially, they are the basic repeating units that make up larger biological molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Question 28

Polymers

Answer 28

A substance or material that consists of very large molecules (macromolecules) that are constituted by many repeating subunits called monomers

Question 29

Solute

Answer 29

A substance that is dissolved

Question 30

Solvent

Answer 30

Any substance that has the ability to dissolve another substance

Question 31

Buffers

Answer 31

A substance that maintains the pH balance of a substance by absorbing H+ or OH-or countering by adding H+ or OH-

Question 32

Hydrophilic

Answer 32

A substance that has the tendency to be mixed or dissolve in water

Question 33

Enzymes

Answer 33

A substance produced by a living organism to act as a catalyst (speed up reaction). Typically used to break down food

Question 34

Isotopes

Answer 34

A type of atom that has the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons making it radioactive.

Question 35

Covalent Bonds

Answer 35

A type of bond that elements/atoms use to combine to make a molecule by SHARING electrons.

Question 36

Octet rule

Answer 36

The innermost shell has 2 electrons, the outermost shell can have up to 8. For a molecule to be happy it wants 8 electrons. If the outermost shell has less than 4, it will give away its electrons. If it has more than 4 it will want to receive electrons.

Question 37

Ionic bond

Answer 37

Attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. The electrons are permanently transferred from one atom to another.

Question 38

Double Bond

Answer 38

A chemical bond involving four bonding electrons as opposed to the two that are in a single bond

Question 39

What are the four major classes of macromolecules?

Answer 39

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 40

Thermal inertia

Answer 40

resistance to temperature change

Question 41

What is neutral, acidic, and basic on the pH scale?

Answer 41

Neutral=7, less than 7 is acidic, more than 7 is basic.

Question 42

What is another name for subunits?

Answer 42

Monomers- the simplest unit that builds more complex molecules, such as polymers.

Question 43

Synthesis

Answer 43

The production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.

Question 44

Cell Size

Answer 44

Restricted by surface/volume (S/V) ratio

Question 45

Nucleus

Answer 45

Keeps the DNA molecules separated from metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm