Chemistry Flashcards
Midterms
Compounds and elements together physically, not chemically bonded
Mixture
a gas phase at a temperature where the same substance can also exist in the liquid or solid state, below the critical temperature of the substance
vapor
a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction
product
a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture
heterogeneous mixture
a process of separating a liquid from a solid by heating it into a vapor that is then condensed back into a liquid
distillation
A chemical element is a chemical substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons
element
a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object
mass
a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio
compound
stable subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
proton
basic particle of the chemical elements
atom
subatomic particles found inside the nucleus of every atom, no charge, help stabilize nucleus of atom, contributes to atomic mass
neutron
subatomic particle with a negative charge
electron
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
atomic mass
the number of a chemical element in the periodic system and on the periodic table that equals the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom
atomic number
row of chemical elements. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells. Each next element in a period has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor
period
the bond between two metals
metallic bond
regions around the nucleus where electrons can be found, they have specific shapes and energy levels, number of levels (orbitals in an atom) increases down a column
atomic orbital
we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy
Aufbau’s principle
The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the this state
ground state
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to electrons making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photons is equal to the energy difference between the two states
Identifies element, colored lines
atomic emission spectrum
minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom, increases across the periodic table, decreases down the periodic table
ionization energy
how often something occurs, or basically, how often a wave occurs, as this and energy increases, wavelength decreases
frequency
a column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. The chemical elements have atoms with identical valence electron counts
group
a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons toward itself, increases across the table, decreases down the table
electronegativity
distance over which the wave’s shape repeats, decreases as energy and frequency increase
wavelength
measure of the size of its atom, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost isolated electron, decreases across the periodic table, increases down the periodic table
atomic radius
when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the Fermi level, as against nonmetallic materials which do not. Are typically ductile and malleable.
metal
the chemical bonding of a metal and nonmetal (cation and anion)
ionic bond
diagrams that describe the chemical bonding between atoms in a molecule
electron dot structure
a general rule in chemistry used to predict the bonding between atoms. It states that atoms are at their most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer shell, giving them the electron configuration of a noble gas
octet rule
the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom, depending on column number in s and p blocks
valence electron
a charged particle that consists of only one atom. The charge on the ion may be positive or negative. Additionally, the size of the charge may vary; for example, some ions have a 1- charge (like on a chlorine atom) while others, like a nitrogen atom, are capable of carrying a 3- charge
monatomic ion
a negatively charged ion, typically nonmetal
anion
a positively charged ion, typically metal
cation
a chemical substance that is made of two different elements only
binary compound
a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero
polyatomic ion
what happens with extensive property
amount changes, mass and volume
what happens with intensive property
amount stays consistent, density
Dmitri Mendeleev
arranged periodic table by atomic number, atomic mass
if you have multiple orbitals within your sublevel of the same energy value, you put one in each before doubling up
Hund’s Rule
no 2 electrons can have the same spin quantum number (one has to be up other has to be down)
Pauli’s exclusion principle
Energy level, 1-7
Principle Quantum Number
spin of electron
Spin Quantum Number
Magnetic Quantum Number
shape of orbital, s sphere, p butterfly, d flower, f crazy
Angular Quantum Number
