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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

the science of the structure and interactions of matter

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

all living and nonliving things consist of

A

Matter

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3
Q

the amount of matter in any object, which does not change

A

Mass

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4
Q

the force of gravity acting on matter, does change

A

Weight

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5
Q

all forms of matter-both living and nonliving- are made up of a limited number of building blocks called:

A

Chemical Elements

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6
Q

each named element is designated by a:

A

Chemical Symbol

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7
Q

Twenty six different chemical elements normally are present in your body. Just four elements constitute about 96% of the body’s mass, they are called the:

A

Major Elements

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8
Q

what are the 4 Major Elements

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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9
Q

The eight elements after the Major Elements are classified as the:

A

Lesser Elements

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10
Q

in addition to the Lesser Elements, there are 14:

A

Trace Elements

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11
Q

Each element is made up of

A

Atoms

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12
Q

dozens of different ______ ________ compose individual atoms

A

Subatomic Particles

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13
Q

the dense central core of an atom is its:

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

within the nucleus are positively charged:

A

Protons (p+)

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15
Q

within the nucleus are uncharged (neutral):

A

neutrons (n0)

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16
Q

the tiny negatively charged __________ (e-) move about in a large space surrounding the nucleus

A

Electrons

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17
Q

Even though their exact positions cannot be predicted, specific groups of electrons are most likely to move about within certain regions around the nucleus. These regions, called:

A

Electron Shells

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18
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is an atoms:

A

Atomic Number

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19
Q

The _______ __________ of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons

A

Mass Number

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20
Q

_________ are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

A

Isotopes

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21
Q

certain isotopes celled _________ ____________ are unstable; their nuclei decay (spontaneously change) into a stable configuration

A

Radioactive Isotopes

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22
Q

the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of an isotope to decay into a more stable form

A

half-life

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23
Q

some radioisotopes can be used as _________ to follow the movement of certain substances through the body

A

tracers

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24
Q

the standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles is a:

A

Dalton

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25
Q

the ______ ________ of an element is the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

A

atomic mass

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26
Q

a particle that has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

A

ion

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27
Q

when two or more atoms share electrons, the resulting combination is called a:

A

molecule

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28
Q

a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

A

compound

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29
Q

an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

A

free radical

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30
Q

exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, x-rays, ozone, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, and some reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes are several sources of:

A

free radicals

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31
Q

cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, emphysema, diabetes, mellitus, cataracts, macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and deterioration associated with aging are all disorders, diseases, and conditions linked to oxygen derived:

A

free radicals

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32
Q

consuming more ____________ - substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals-is thought to show the pace of damage caused by free radicals

A

antioxidants

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33
Q

the forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or compound are:

A

chemical bonds

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34
Q

the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell, also called the:

A

valence shell

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35
Q

under the right conditions, two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom. this chemical principle is called the:

A

octet rule

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36
Q

the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges is an:

A

ionic bond

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37
Q

positively charge ion

A

cation

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38
Q

negatively charge ion

A

anion

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39
Q

(minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge)
an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution is called an:

A

electrolyte

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40
Q

when a ________ ________ forms, two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

A

covalent bond

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41
Q

when two atoms share one electron pair

A

single covalent bond

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42
Q

when two atoms share two pairs of electrons

A

double covalent bond

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43
Q

when two atoms share three pairs of electrons

A

triple covalent bond

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44
Q

in some covalent bond, two atoms share the electrons more strongly than the other atom. This type of bond is a:

A

polar covalent bond

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45
Q

the power to attract electrons to itself

A

electronegativity

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46
Q

bones and teeth (have definite shape and volume)

A

Solid

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47
Q

blood plasma (have definite volume, assume shape of container)

A

Liquids

48
Q

oxygen (O2) have neither shape or volume

A

Gases

49
Q

_______ _____forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms, most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms

A

hydrogen bond

50
Q

a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension

51
Q

occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

A

chemical reaction

52
Q

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction (starting substances - two H2 and one O2)

A

reactant

53
Q

a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction (the ending substances - two molecules of H20)

A

products

54
Q

the term _________ refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in the body

A

metabolism

55
Q

the capacity to do work

A

energy

56
Q

stored energy is called:

A

potential energy

57
Q

energy in motion is called:

A

kinetic energy

58
Q

a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

A

chemical energy

59
Q

although energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another. this principle is known as:

A

law of conservation of energy

60
Q

__________ __________ (ex=out) release more energy than they absorb

A

exergonic reactions

61
Q

___________ ___________ (end=within) absorb more energy than they release

A

endergonic reactions

62
Q

the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants is called the

A

activation energy

63
Q

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur are:

A

catalysts

64
Q

when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules, the processes are called:

A

synthesis reactions

65
Q

all of the synthesis reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as:

A

anabolism

66
Q

____________ ____________ split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules

A

decomposition reactions

67
Q

the decomposition reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as:

A

catabolism

68
Q

consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

A

exchange reactions

69
Q

the products can revert to the original reactants.
indicated by two half-arrows pointing in opposite directions

A

reversible reaction

70
Q

the loss of electrons; in the process the oxidized substance releases energy

A

oxidation

71
Q

the gain of electrons; in the process the reduced substance gains energy

A

reduction

72
Q

are always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

73
Q

usually lack carbon and are structurally simple

A

inorganic compounds

74
Q

always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds

A

organic compounds

75
Q

the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems

A

water

76
Q

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can be varied continuously up to what is called the limit of solubility.

A

solution

77
Q

substance (molecule) with the ability to dissolve other substances (solutes) to form a solution

A

solvent

78
Q

a substance that can be dissolved into a solution by a solvent

A

solute

79
Q
A
80
Q

solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds are_________ which means they dissolve easily in water

A

hydrophilic

81
Q

molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds, by contrast, are _____________. they are not very water soluble

A

hydrophobic

82
Q

a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance

A

hydrolysis

83
Q

a chemical reaction that occurs when two molecules or compounds are joined together to form a larger molecule, releasing a water molecule in the process

A

dehydration synthesis reaction

84
Q

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

A

mixture

85
Q

differs from a solution mainly because of the size of its particles

A

colloid

86
Q

a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation.

A

suspension

87
Q

refers to the amount of a substance in a defined space

A

concentration

88
Q

relative mass of a solute found in any given volume of solution

A

percentage

89
Q

relate to the total number of molecules in a given volume of solution

A

molarity/ moles per liter (mol/L)

90
Q

amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms

A

mole

91
Q

when inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they:

A

dissociate

92
Q

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions

A

acid

93
Q

created when a hydrogen atom loses an electron

A

hydrogen ions

94
Q

acids are ________ ____________

A

proton donors

95
Q

bases are ___________ ____________

A

proton acceptors

96
Q

when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions

A

salt

97
Q

a solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the

A

pH scale

98
Q

a solution that has more H+ than OH- is an

A

acidic solution

99
Q

a solution that has more OH_ than H+ is a

A

basic solution

100
Q

function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

A

buffer systems/buffers

101
Q

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called the

A

carbon skeleton

102
Q

other atoms or molecules bound to the hydrocarbon skeleton are called:

A

functional groups

103
Q

Small organic molecules can combine into very large molecules that are called

A

macromolecules

104
Q

a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules

A

polymers

105
Q

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

A

monomers

106
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called

A

isomers

107
Q

include sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose.

A

carbohydrates

108
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as

A

simple sugars

109
Q

the monomers of carbohydrates are called:

A

monosaccharides

110
Q

a molecule formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

A

disaccharide

111
Q

Each ____________ molecule contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis reactions

A

polysaccharide

112
Q

The main polysaccharide in the human body is

A

glycogen

113
Q

____________ are polysaccharides formed from glucose by plants

A

starches

114
Q

_________________is a polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces

A

cellulose

115
Q

make up 18–25% of body mass in lean adults.

A

lipids

116
Q

soluble because the proteins are on the outside and the lipids are on the inside.

A

lipoproteins

117
Q
A

PublicHealth (5 decks)

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