Chemistry Flashcards by Cenjie Marbida

The study of composition,
structure, and properties of
matter, the changes which
matter undergoes as well as
the laws and principles
governing this changes.

Chemistry

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Study of carbon-containing substances
Carbon and hydrogen compounds –
hydrocarbon.

Organic substances - proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
petroleum and coal, animal meat, dairy products, fruits,
and vegetable

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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Chemical
product used
in agriculture
Insecticides,
herbicides,
and
fungicides.

Agrochemical – agrichemical

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Study of substances that do not
have carbon as its elemental
components.
Applications: catalysts,
pigments, coatings, surfactants,
medicines, fuels, and more

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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• Substance that
speeds up a
chemical reaction,
or lowers the
temperature or
pressure needed
to start one
• It is not consumed
during the
reaction

CATALYSTS

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Water-and oil-insoluble
natural and synthetic
products that impart color
to materials such as paper
and plastics.

Pigments

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Water- soluble
colorants

Dyes

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Studies the structure, energy, and
transformation of substances from
one state of matter to another.

Applications: materials science;
pharmaceutical industry;
environmental science; energy
sector; nanotechnology

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

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• Study of chemical processes of and
relating to living organisms.
- processes that occurs in tissues, organs
and the whole living organism.

Application:
• field of medicine - disease processes and to
find cures
• agriculture - discover ways to improve crop
cultivation, storage and pest control.

BIOCHEMISTRY

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biochemical changes and
related physiological
alteration in the body
during infection / disease.
• Symptoms described by
the patient - a clue on the
biochemical changes and
the associated disorders.

Biochemistry

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• Deals with methods to identify and
measure physical properties of substances.

a. Qualitative test – color reactions, odor,
reactivity but do not determine its amounts.
b. Quantitative test – employ instrumentation
methods to determine components,
concentrations, purities of substances.
Applications: forensics, medicine, science &
engineering

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

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• Forensic Chemistry is the
application
of chemistry and its sub-
field, forensic toxicology, in
a legal setting.
• A forensic chemist can
assist in the identification
of unknown materials
found at a crime scene.

Forensic Chemistry

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• Medicine is
the field of
health and
healing.
• It aims to
promote and
maintain health
and well being.

Medical Science

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– specializations
aligned with STEM
Strand
Involves inventions,
discoveries, innovations,
structural
improvements,
information technology
devices and other
aspects of the vast world
we live in.

SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING

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Is involved in both
the natural world and the man-
made world. It’s the link between
all of the physical and life
sciences. That’s why it’s called
“the central science”.

Chemestry

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improve health care system from
new drugs and patient-care products
• Examples: antipyretics, analgesics,
antibiotics, antibacterial drugs,
anticancer drugs, vaccines

Medicine and Pharmaceuticals

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from anti- ‘against’ and pyretic
(‘feverish’) is a substance that reduces fever.
Example: ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen,
aspirin, acetaminophen,

antipyretic

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are medicines that are used to relieve pain
without putting you to sleep. They are also known as
painkillers or pain relievers.
Example: Tylenol

Analgesics

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an analgesic and antipyretic drug and a
common painkiller used to treat aches and pain. It can
also be used to reduce high temperature.
Example: Biogesic

Paracetamol

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pain reliever for
headache, dental pain, menstrual
cramps, muscle aches, or arthritis.

___________is a Nonsteroidal Anti-
inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
Examples: Advil; Medicol Advance;
ALAXAN
– ibuprofen + paracetamol

Ibuprofen

A _______ is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity to a
particular infectious disease.
• A _______ - contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing
microorganism and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the
microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface
proteins.

Vaccine

involves the
calculation of a desirability quotient
(DQ).
• determination of the effects of science
and technology
• determination on how and when
benefits outweigh risks

Risk – Benefit Analysis

is anything that
occupies space and has mass.

Matter

is a form of matter
that has a definite composition and
distinct properties

Substance

• Gas-like, made of atoms that have been ripped apart into ions and electrons. • Sun is made of plasma • Plasmas are usually very hot

Plasma

Developed by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in the early 1920s • State of matter formed when a gas is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (T = 0 K). • Also Known As: SUPERFLUID

Bose–Einstein condensate

An ________ is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

Element

A _________ is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. _________ can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means.

Compound

A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

Mixture

Can be observed and measured without changing chemical identity of matter

Physical properties

One or more substances form a new substance

Chemical change

Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter in a substance.

Intensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of matter in a substance

Extensive Properties

separates the components of a mixture by their distinctive attraction to the mobile phase and the stationary phase.

Chromatography

• Solid particles in a liquid are removed by the use of a filter medium. • Filtrate – liquid • Residue - solid • Uses: coffee; tea; water; sand filtration; automotive filters; dialysis

Filtration

Removal of solvent from the solution by boiling the liquid and withdrawing the vapor, leaving a concentrated product. • Uses: drying and ironing of clothes; drying of wet floors; drying of nail polish remover; preparation of common salt; drying of wet hair

Evaporation

• Salt harvesting • Crystallization of honey and sugar • Formation of natural crystals • Kidney stone • Desalination of water

Crystalization

• Separate solvent from a solution or in a mixture of two different liquids with different boiling points using heat. • Uses: separation of water from salt solution; alcohol manufacturing; perfume manufacturing; pharmaceutical industry

Simple Distillation

Crude oil contains molecules of many different shapes and sizes. • Using fractional distillation, we can separate different components to get more useful products, such as petrol, jet fuel and bitumen, which is the thick, tarry substance that is used to make roads. • Fractional distillation is carried out at oil refineries

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

Sublimation is the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter, without passing the liquid stage.

Sublimation

This method involves the separation of magnetic substances from non- magnetic substances by means of a magnet.

Magnetization or Magnetic Attraction

is a physical science, one that depends heavily on measurementto obtain quantitative data

•Chemistry

is the determination of dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of something.

Measurementis

Is a systematic mathematical method using conversion factors to move from one unit of measurement to another

Dimensional analysis (DA)

A generic medicinal product is defined as a medicinal product that has: • the same composition - qualitative and quantitative, in active substance(s) as the original, the reference medicinal product (typically brand-name products), • the same pharmaceutical form – e.g. tablet, syrup, inhaler, etc. as the reference medicinal product and •has been shown to interact with the body in a similar manner to the reference medicinal product. •Chemically, there is no difference between the original branded medicine and the generic medicine. •As with all medicines, generics must comply with appropriate regulatory approval processes assessing and ensuring quality, safety, and efficacy. •Approved generics are regulated in the same way that original medicines are regulated.

Generic Medicine

The Six “Rights” • The six rights of medication administration contribute to accurate preparation and administration of medication doses

1. Right medication 2. Right dose 3. Right patient 4. Right route 5. Right time 6. Right documentation

•The amount of the drug to be administered at a single time. • Its unit of measurement must be the same as the dosage unit.

Desired Dose

•The amount of drug contained within a dosage unit of medication.

Dose on hand