CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Chemistry
understanding the composition of substances / how they come together / how they react to each other
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up spaces/volume
Element
all matter is made up of elements
Atom
smallest particle of an element
Atomic Number =
the number of protons in an atom
How is the periodic table organized?
by the atomic number
Periodic Table - Horizontal
periods
Periodic Table - Left Side
metals
Periodic Table - Vertical
groups/families
Periodic Table - Right Side
nonmetals
Periodic Table - Middle
transition metals
Metal Characteristic
shiny/ malleable(flexible)/ductile/conductivity(good conductors)/high density and melting point
Nonmetal Characteristic
dull/not flexible/not ductile/ poor conductors(insulators)/low density and melting point
Lithium
metal
Beryllium
metal
Magnesium
metal
Potassium
metal
Calcium
metal
Hydrogen
nonmetal
Carbon
nonmetal
Nitrogen
nonmetal
Oxygen
nonmetal
Phosphorus
nonmetal
Sulfur
nonmetal
Fluorine
nonmetal
Chlorine
nonmetal
Bromine
nonmetal
Iodine
nonmetal
Atom consists of:
protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons Charge
positive charge
Neutron Charge
no charge/neutral
Electrons Charge
negative charge
Nucleus contains:
protons and neutrons
Where are electrons located?
orbit outside the nucleus
Atomic Mass =
the average mass of an atom in an element
Number of protons =
number of electrons
How do you find the number of neutrons?
mass number - protons
How do you find the atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
Why aren’t electrons included in the atomic mass
electron mass is very tiny compared to protons and neutron mass
What is an Isotope?
two of the same element with/ the same number of protons, and electrons, but different neutrons
What is electron configuration?
identify the location of the electrons of an atom
Electrons surround the nucleus in
shells
Subshells names:
s,p,d,f subshells
s subshell can hold
2 electrons
p subshell can hold
6 electrons
d subshell can hold
10 electrons
f subshell can hold
14 electrons
Subshell orbitals are organized from
lowest to highest energy
Valence electrons
are electrons in the outermost shell that have the most energy
Octet rule
element seeks to have 8 electrons in its outermost energy shell
Order of subshell filing:
1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4p
Atomic radius
measure from the center of the nucleus to the outermost electron
Electronegativity
measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons
What element has the highest electronegativity?
Fluorine
Ionization energy
how much energy is require to remove an electron from an atom
Ionic bonds
one atom loses electron to another atom
Cation =
positive charge
Anion =
negative charge
Electrostatic charge
bond form b/c the positive charge is attracted to the negative charge
Salt is formed by
ionic bonds (metal +nonmetal)
Naming ionic compound
cation name goes first then anion (-ide or -ate)
Monoatomic(anion)
-ide (made of one type of anion)
Polyatomic(anion)
-ate (made of more than 1 type of anion)
Covalent bonds
two atoms share electrons(form when atoms have equal amount of electronegativities)
Polar covalent
atoms are shared unequally
Nonpolar covalent
atoms are shared equally
Single covalent bonds
1 pair of electrons are shared
Double covalent bonds
2 pairs of electrons are shared
Triple covalent bonds
3 pairs of electrons are shared
Covalent bond is
stronger than ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
the force of attraction between a hydrogen and an electrogative
Cohesive
two molecules stick to each other (water)
Adhesive
water is attracted to other substances
Chemical reactions
one or more substances (reactants) are converted to different substances (products)
Subscript number
tells you how many atoms are in that molecule
Coefficient number
the BIG number before the molecule tells you how many molecules you have.
How to find the total amount of hydrogen atoms:
multiply the coefficient x the subscript number
Law of conservation of mass
mass can neither be created nor destroyed
Mole
one mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 x 10^23 units of that substance
